Essay --

1.NAME OF THE SYSTEME-Cab is a service of mobile cab application via online.2.SUMMARY OF THE SYSTEM TO BE DEVELOPEDE-Cab is a JoBa company, provide a complete taxi services using the latest equipment and technology to avail the travel of individuals in and around the Johor Bahru area. The value proposition is straight-forward for confirm your pickup point and order your cab with the press of a button. In seconds youll receive handicap of the name, photo and car model/plate of your driver, and will be able to follow the vehicles location in real-time as it approaches you. You behind save favorite addresses, check ride history and use many more features constantly being added. Since drivers are checked for compliance before joining the network, passengers do not need to worry about their safety and piece of tail simply enjoy their ride.E-Cab gives customers the opportunity to pay with a multitude of payment instruments. So, our customers can pay through debit and credit cards, ac count vouchers and also coupons. Other products being introduced are university student debit cards, private label cards, account cards, pre-paid one event cards and specialty payment cards. Our company pays our drivers and gives our customers a full account of their taxi transactions. As an added safety measure for both drivers and passengers, E-Cab cabs are fitted with world(prenominal) Positioning Systems (GPS), which enable the cabs to be tracked or located in an emergency. All E-Cab taxi will be flashy, well maintained, and inspected regularly for safety and comfort.E-Cabs has a unique Global Positioning System (GPS) that pinpoints the nearing driver thus allowing the driver to give an accurate estimated time of arrival. The GPS will enable the company ... ... clean and tidy taxi, friendly and polite drivers, careful driving, most practical route taken, and drivers know more about maintenance/repair services. REFERENCESEasy locomote. (2013). Easy Taxi Your Taxi in One Cli cks Retrieved October 20, 2013, from Easy Taxi Web site https//play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=br.com.easytaxiSoftusvista Inc. Venture. (2010-2013). Malaysia Taxi Auto Fare. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from Taxiautofare.com http//www.taxiautofare.com/my/Default.aspxThe Atlantic Monthly Group. (2013). The Atlantic why You Cant Get a Taxi. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from The Atlantic Web site http//www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/why-you-cant-get-a-taxi/308942/Wikipedia. (2013, June 25). Taxicabs of Malaysia. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Malaysia

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Increased :: Minimum Wage Essays

Although many Americans believe an increase in the stripped wage is constantly a positive step for the national government to take, the most recent wage hike could result in some harmful effects.One root word potentially hurt by the increased minimum wage is teen-aged workers. Four hundred and eighty thousand teen jobs pay been lost due to recounting putting the wage hike into place in 2007 (New Ad Campaign). In 2008, the months June by dint of August, only 32.7 percent of teens had jobs. This is down from 45 percent in June through August 2000, stated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (Petrecca). In the last 17 years unemployment for American teens has increased a great amount. Presently the unemployment invest is at 24 percent. In one year alone that percent has increased nearly 12 percent. Other ethnicities, such as African Americans, atomic number 18 also feeling the effects of unemployment. Currently the unemployment rate for African American teens is 37.9 percent thats four times the National average. These groups of African American teens have been hit the hardest with the unemployment rate increasing 27 percent in one year. According to Kristen Lopez Eastlick, Senior Research Analyst for the Employment Policies Institute, The unintended consequence of the federal minimum wage hike is pricing some employees out of the workforce, and based on the recent unemployment data, its teens-minority teens especially-who are getting hit the hardest (Are Summer Jobs). legerdemain Silva, chief economist at Wells Fargo said, Its tough timing, he anticipates that teenagers and those who are less qualified will have the hardest time conclusion work. Youre going to have a very negative response. In a recession like this, companies dont have the pricing reason to pass on those costs (Maher). Congress increasing minimum wage was meant to help those people who are getting paid right at the minimum wage level. But, if people cant even get a jo b that pays minimum wage then the new law is hurting to a greater extent than its helping. Works CitedAre Summer Jobs Going Out of Business? Science Letter 21 July 2009 2887.

when i was a youngster :: Free Essay Writer

When I Was A YoungsterWell I bustt really remember much of my childhood. unless here is one story that I do remember.This was when I was close four of five. I was at my dads house for his birthday one weekend. That was also his birthday and memorial weekend too. That means that he will be having a get by of battalion over to party all night. He lives on a lake so when he has parties all his friends bring over there jet skies and boats, further I couldnt drive them cause I was too little. It was still fun getting rides on them though. My dad also had a huge pull-barn. It was ab verboten as big as the cafeteria. Thats where everyone usually hangs out but not a lot of people were in there today. They were all out on the lake, playing volleyball, and sitting by the fire.It was getting fair late into the night and the party started to calm down a little. A few people were still talking but the fire and also few people in the pull-barn. I decided to go talk to the guys by the fire. The cool function about my dads friends is that they dont talk to me as a little kid. They talked to me like I was the same age as them. Thats probably why I never had trouble with speech. After a while I got bored and I started walking into the pull-barn. All of a fast a car came flying down the driveway and slammed on its breaks They had a canoe on top of their car. I guess they forgot to tie it down tight-fitting cause as soon as they hit there breaks the canoe went flying across the yard and came within inches from my dads house. I could tell the driver was pretty messed up cause of the way he was driving and the way he was walking after he got out of the car. My Dad heard the accident and came trial to see what happen. When he sees what the guy did he got really mad and started cussing him out and everything. It was crazy I have never seen my dad that mad in my life. But he wasnt mad enough to hit him in front of me. So he just yelled and told me to left.

Windmill Energy is not an Acceptable Energy Source Replacement for Cali

aerogenerator Energy is non an Acceptable Energy Source Replacement for CaliforniaAbstract lead storymill ability is an old form of energy that is now being modernized to generate electricity in our society today. The big question is whether or not it is a feasible replacement of energy for California. Through research it has been concluded that energy for California cannot be kindled only by tracemill energy. It can produce about 50% of Californias energy. All aspects including, location, cost, and environment are important to how much energy is produced.IntroductionFrom past to current situations, the United States has had to avow more and more on strange countries to retrieve an efficient amount of fossil fuel. During these times, the production of nuclear energy had come to a halt and foreign energy was used. In 2000- 2001, California went into an energy crisis where there was an increase in the cost of gas and numerous blackouts. There were no longer any cheap energy sou rces. Currently, gas prices have been soaring and it is not expected that they will reduce. Due to these circumstances, California has been in need of a more efficient energy source, outside of oil. For current times, an efficient energy source for California can be windmill energy because of its low-cost, Californias enormous coastal areas and locations, and environmental issues.Wind power has been a part of our lives longer than we have thought. The Egyptians are believed to be the first to make practical use of wind power. Around 2800Wind Energy 3BC (Park, 1981, p.13). Today, wind power can be used to heat up homes, produce electricity, and pump water. Windmills can be make by putting together old car generators. In the past, farmers would use ... ...m/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/02/27/MN200385.DTLWolff, W. & Brabant, E.J. (1984). Your Wind Driven Generator. New York train Nostrand Reinhold Company.Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. U.S. Department o f Energy. Retrieved August 3, 2006Wind Energy 8http//www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/astate_template.asp?stateab=ca(1996-2005) Part 5- The Future of Wind Power. Illustrated History of Wind Power Development. Retrieved August 3, 2006 from http//www.telosnet.com/wind/future.htmlSaum, S.B. (2005, November) Power Hunting. California Alumni. Retreived August 3, 2006http//www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Alumni/Cal_Monthly/November_2005/Power_hunting.asp(2006, July). Watts Up? Schwarzenegger Weathers Perfect Energy Storm, Barely. Politics Central http//politicscentral.com/2006/07/29/watts_up_schwarzenegger_weathe.php

Beowulf: Christian Vs Pagan Influence Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

The European big, Beowulf, was written sometime in the eighth century in England. This time period provides us with an brain for the mixture of Christian and infidel elements because of an English society that was in the process of converting from Paganism to Christianity. Examples of Pagan and Christian traditions atomic number 18 presented all throughout literature. Many of the influences the great unwashed with what it going on in the world, when the piece is written. When Beowulf was written, St. Augustine had just come over to try and convert the Anglo-Saxon people to Christianity although the conversion succeeded it was a shallow conversion, and on that point were still people following the Pagan ways. The fact that Christianity and Paganism are so closely combined in the epic explains the reasons for Beowulfs Christian and goy influences. Blending in among Beowulfs triumphs against the three key creatures, we also see Christian virtues being instilled upon the listeners. The good qualities of loyalty, humility, sacrifice for the good of others, and sympathy for those less fortunate are seen woven into the text as well as the negative consequences from greed and pride. In a thorough analysis of Beowulf, the Christian and pagan elements, represented in the characters and their journeys through various countries, creates an epic adventure filled with superhuman qualities and Christian ideals that often parallel themselves to biblical characters and events. The pagan elements of the epic are evident in a couple of the characters superhuman qualities during the first two parts of the poem. Beowulf is seen as a superhero and takes it upon himself to use his strength to defeat Grendel and save the Danes from the turmoil that has haunted them for the past... ...and his mother, contempt being non-human. The author of Beowulf was extremely effective in combining pagan and Christian ideas in the poem. The ability and technique of combining two different ele ments into his characters makes the epic interesting to read. In mixing Christian and pagan ideas, the eighth century author was able to dramatically enhance the characters with Christian values and pagan ideals. Although the pagan elements greatly influenced the story, the addition of Christian influences and parallels to the Bible make this European epic famous for the adventures, conflicts, and heroism that take place in a time of phantasmal transition. Today, superstar can still see the Pagan influences in common life. Each time Beowulf succeeded he related it to either Paganism or Christianity. Whether it is one God, or many Gods, the people all had their common belief system.

term limits in congress :: essays research papers

THESISTerm limits for Congress will disrupt the balance and can make the taxpayers very unhappy.SUPPORTING DETAILS1) excessively many new, inexperienced members can hurt voters, as rookie legislators find it bad to navigate the bureaucracy.2)Term limits will force out well well-thought-of politicians.3)It will take away the voters right to choose their politicians.4)Long term politicians will have good behavior in order to ensure their reelection. 5)The much experienced the politician, the better they will handle the peoples affairs.There were many things that I had to go through to complete this assignment. As with anything that you do, you will need to work hard to over get on with obstacles, some which may be more difficult than others. Everyone has their own way of dealing with dilemmas. This assignment was a definite dilemma for me.Politics is by far the worst subject for me. I tend to get very lost when it comes to this. This is definitely an area I need to work on. I had to take in many articles in order to form an opinion on this matter. Even after all the reading I still had trouble deciding on a side to take. I had to question myself many times to get the right take on it for myself. It was difficult but it seems that I have managed to come up with a good argument.Questioning is a great strategy for me to use. This has helped me out very much in this particular assignment. The argument could have very gone either way, but questioning myself helped make the decision much easier. Brainstorming or listing is another helpful tool that everyone should use. This has helped me form my backup details. It is easier to sit down and rack your brain and list all the points than it is to just free-write all your ideas. Free-writing can sometimes be a jumbled mess.

term limits in congress :: essays research papers

THESISTerm limits for Congress allow disrupt the balance and can make the taxpayers very unhappy.SUPPORTING DETAILS1)Too numerous an(prenominal) new, in experient members can hurt voters, as rookie legislators find it hard to navigate the bureaucracy.2)Term limits will force out well respected politicians.3)It will take away the voters right to choose their politicians.4)Long term politicians will have good behavior in order to ensure their reelection. 5)The more experienced the politician, the better they will handle the peoples affairs.There were many things that I had to go through to complete this assignment. As with anything that you do, you will need to work hard to have the best obstacles, some which may be more difficult than others. Everyone has their own way of dealing with dilemmas. This assignment was a definite dilemma for me.Politics is by faraway the worst subject for me. I tend to get very lost when it comes to this. This is definitely an area I need to work on. I had to read many articles in order to form an opinion on this matter. Even after all the reading I still had trouble deciding on a side to take. I had to question myself many times to get the right take on it for myself. It was difficult but it seems that I have managed to come up with a good argument.Questioning is a great strategy for me to use. This has helped me out very much in this particular assignment. The argument could have really bygone either way, but questioning myself helped make the decision much easier. Brainstorming or listing is another helpful tool that everyone should use. This has helped me form my supporting details. It is easier to sit down down and rack your brain and list all the points than it is to just free-write all your ideas. Free-writing can sometimes be a jumbled mess.

From the Large Scale Universe to the Milky Way

From the Large Scale Universe to The Milky Way Jason Norton SCI/151 Benjawan Kjornrattanawanich May 28, 2012 Cosmology is the study of the universe as a whole. recognise the theme of modern cosmology. Cosmology is the branch of study in relation to the origin and nature of the universe (Farlex, 2012). The thoughts and opinions on how the universe began everywhere the eld was virtuoso of spiritual and scientific. Through beliefs of the Bible and followers of the faith it is believed that God created the universe and everything in it. From a scientific view it is believed that the universe was created by The swelled come.Throughout conviction many astronomers and scientists pushed the envelope to prove that the universe was not created by God but instead created by star force in space that over time has further developed what is on Earth and out in the universe. Most of the scientists and astronomers back in time were followers of the religion and almost had their aver beliefs lead them into the wrong direction. It was not until such people as Galileo, Copernicus, and Sir Isaac Newtown that further proved The Big Bang Theory caused the creation of the universe.Galileo surmisal of the Earth revolving just about the sun had him almost executed by the Roman Catholic Church. Galileos use of the telescope marked him as a modern science marvel. His discoveries spanned from the moons of Jupiter to the moon. In relation to cosmology, Galileos contributions to the understanding of the universe and how it begun helped shape the modernization of cosmology. It was not until later that Galileos contributions were proven to be liable and relative. Present-day cosmology continues to study theories and observations in attempt to prove out or further discover the realms of the universe.The Big Bang theory is a part of cosmology. Explain the Big Bang theory and provide an example of one sample scientists performed that supported it. The Big Bang Theory has been though t to have begun virtually 15 billion years ago with an explosion that created where people live and everything around us in the universe. This matter and energy in space was held in one area and when the Big Bang happened it helped to lay the foundation of the universe. It help to create and layout the universe and continues to this day to still happen based on scientific observations.Edwin Hubble has credited with the source of the foundation behind the Big Bang with the use of the Hubble Telescope. Hubbles observations and discoveries of the Milky Way Galaxy and beyond just scratched the surface for astronomers and scientists when it relates to what is out there. An example of one experiment scientists performed that supported the Big Bang theory was, Einsteins General Theory of Relativity (1916) is a generalization of Newtons Law of Gravity. Gravity is described as a distortion of space and time.The Cosmological Principle is an assumption that matter in the universe is uniformly distributed when averaging over large-scales, and that the distribution of matter is homogeneous and isotropic. This placed the foundation of the Big Bang Model, which was Big Bang Theory = General Theory of Relativity + Cosmological Principle (Welser-Sherrill, 2007, pg. 1) The Milky Way is just one galaxy that resulted from the Big Bang. Describe the structure of the Milky Way and how raunchy matter influences it. The Milky Ways structure is that of a spiral with approximately 400 billion stars.The Milky Way contains gas and dust among its three distinct makeup components halo, nuclear jut, and the disk. 1. The halo is a makeup of the oldest stars. 2. The nuclear bulge (center of the galaxy) its view cannot be seen clearly because of the dust and gases. 3. The disk section of the galaxy is where the Earth lies along with the Sun and other planets and stars. The halo section of the galaxy is the big part of the galaxy but due to dust and gases it is not clear just like the nucl ear bulge.This material, which is not clear, is known as dark matter. sombre matter which is not visible is believed to help influence the gravitational effects on other matter within the galaxy. When was dark energy discovered? How has that discovery changed our view of the universe? In the late 1990s dark energy was observed through a supernova causing the expansion rate of our universe to accelerate. This dark energy has changed the view of the universe because scientists expected the expansion to slow down but in fact it is going faster due to this energy.What is a theory of everything? What does it aim to do to our understanding of the universe as a whole? The theory of everything is believed to believe the ultimate theory of the universe of which a set of equations dependent of describing all phenomena that have been observed, or will ever be observed (Laughlin Pines, 2012, pg. 1). This theory will help improve the understanding of what makes up the universe, which is not e xplained or well-known. Some of those areas would be black holes, evolution of the universe, and etc.References Farlex. (2012). Cosmology. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from the Free Dictionary Website http//www. thefreedictionary. com/cosmology Welser-Sherrill, L. (2007). A History of the Universe. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from the Star Teach Astronomy command Website http//www. starteachastronomy. com/universe. html Laughlin, R. , Pines, D. (2012). The Theory of Everything. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from the Star Teach Astronomy Education Website http//www. pnas. org/content/97/1/28. full

Biggest problem in america is the economy Essay

Unfortunately, this topic has now been politicized, which means that you cant talk or so it without being instantly cheered or jeered by fans of each respective political team. But the economy is much more(prenominal) important than this years preference or either political team.There are several factors that have come together to produce a frustratingly weak economy that has persisted in the joined States for more than a decade. One of those things are Globalization. It opened up a vast pool of billions of workers who for way less than Americans because theyre desperate. This messes up everything, it has resulted in companies shifting formerly middle wage paying jobs overseas. Another is Technology it has continued to increase productivity, allowing companies to do more with fewer employees.These and other factors have contributed to the near radical redistribution of wealth that the United States has ever seen. Since the late 1970s, the countrys assets and income have moved ste adily from average Americans to the richest Americans. This has created a society with more essential wealth inequality than we have seen at any time since the 1920s.Fairness aside, the problem with this state of affairs is that it leaves hundreds of millions of American consumers the real engines of the economy with little silver to spend. With consumers having little money to spend, businesses suffer. As businesses suffer, they look for ways to cut costs. And this, in turn, hurts employees (consumers) even more.One thing to keep in mind as we retrieve about how to fix this state of affairs is that this is not an era in which everyone is suffering. Everyone is not suffering. Big companies and their owners and elder managers are not suffering. They are doing great. Big companies and their owners and cured managers, in fact, are doing better that the have done at any time inhistory, at least judging by the amount of gain ground they are producing. Its everyone else who is gettin g hosed.Now, in the current political environment, you cant make an observation like that without being pegged as an anti-business socialist or communist. So, its important to emphasize that there is nothing anti-business about this observation. I just dont believe that great businesses exist solely to sire profits and steer cash into the pockets of their owners. When a free-market economy is functioning well, as the American economy did for most of the 1950s, 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s, the benefits of the system accrue to all participants, namely Owners and senior managersCustomersEmployeesSociety at largeWhen the system gets out of balance, however, the benefits begin to accrue disproportionately to one or two of of the constituencies at the expense of the others and thats the feature were in now. The benefits of our free-market capitalist system which, by the way, is the best economic system on the planet, by a mile are accruing disproportionately to owners, managers, and custome rs, at the expense of everyone else.If we actually want to put some effort into fixing our economy, we have to fix that. Specifically, we have to persuade companies and their owners to hire more employees and share more of their immense wealth and profits with them. Most importantly, companies dont need to do this just for altruistic reasons (though no one would object if they did). If enough companies do this, they will not just help their employees. They will help their future sales growth. Because their employees and customers, the American consumers, will then have more money to spend.Bibliography sources meshingOnline adsEncyclopedia

Proposal for Innovation Day

Although there are many varieties of daikon, the most common in Japan, the aokubi-daikon, has the shape of a giant carrot, approximately 20 to 35 cm (8 to 14 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) in diameter. One of the most unusually shaped varieties of daikon cultivated in Kagoshima Prefecture is the turnip-shaped sakurajima daikon, which often grows as large as 50 cm (20 in) in diameter and weighs as much as 45 kg (100 lb)( Japan National tourist Organization, 1975 p. 837). The flavour is generally rather mild compared to smaller radishes.Korean varieties are larger and rounder than the typical long, thin Japanese types and are often spicier. (Chronicle Books, 1999. p. 10) Radishes are moderately high in Vitamin C, carotene and contain properties that appear to be beneficial for symptoms of colds, flu, fever, cough, respiratory problems, and digestive disorders. Radishes also is a good appetizer, mouth and breathe freshener, laxative, regulates metabolism, improves affinity circ ulation, is a good treatment for headache, acidity, constipation, whooping cough, gastric problems, gallbladder stones, dyspepsia etc.Radish is especially beneficial for liver and gallbladder functions. It regulates production and flow of bile and bilirubin, acids, enzymes and removes excess bilirubin from the blood, being a good detoxifier. It also contains enzymes like myrosinase, diastase, amylase and esterase. It protects liver and gallbladder from infections and ulcers and soothes them. 4 Laboratory analysis shows the juice of raw daikon is abundant in digestive enzymes ssimilar to the ones in the human digestive tract.These enzymes are diastase, amylase, and esterase, which are known to transform complex carbohydrates, fats and proteins into compounds that is easy to assimilate. Raw daikon is a staple of the Japanese dieting it is used to complement most meals. Shredded daikon is used with fish and tempura dishes, and helps those with a compromised digestive system. The scien tists in Japan at Tokyos College of chemists shop have discovered that daikon juice actually inhibits the formation of dangerous chemicals in the body.One such chemical nitrosamine, a type of carcinogen, can form in the stomach from the chemicals in both natural and processed foods. Daikon juice contains substances called phenolic compounds, which can block this dangerous reaction. 5 Kingdom Plantae Division Angiosperms section Eudicots Class Rosids Order Brassicales Family Brassicaceae Genus Raphanus Species R. sativus Vvariety R. sativus var. longipinnatus1 Table 1 Scientific classification of Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 2. Ananas comosus Figure 2-Ananas comosusAnanas comosus or pineapple is a equatorial plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries 6 as it is commonly known as is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae family. Coppens dEeckenbrugge, Geo Freddy Leal (2003) Pineapples may be cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit, possibly flowering in 2024 months and fruiting in the undermentioned six month. 89 Raw pineapple is an excellent source of manganese and vitamin C, containing 44% and 58% of them per 100g respectively.Bromelain purified from pineapple stem or juice, has a wide vvariety of health benefits, and that many of these benefits may not be related to the different enzymes found in this extract. Excessive inflammation, excessive coagulation of the blood and certain types of tumor growth may all be reduced by therapeutic doses of bromelain when taken as a dietary supplement. Potentially important chemical differences appear to exist mingled with extracts obtained from the stem versus the core fruit. However, the practical relevance of these differences is not presently understood.Although healthcare practitioners have reported improved digestion in their patients with an increase in pineapple as their fruit of choice within a meal plan, we havent seen published studies that do cument specific changes in digestion following consumption of the fruit (versus supplementation with the purified extract). 10 Bromelain also work to neutralize fluids to ensure that they are not too acidic. It also helps regulate the secretions in the pancreas to aid in digestion. Apart from that, since bromelain has protein-digesting properties, it can keep the digestive continue healthy.

Looking for Alaska – Miles’ Eulogy

feeling For Alaska Book Report Eulogy Hello incessantlyy star. I would like to thank you all for coming to honor our fri give notice, Alaska Young. I am Miles Halter, known to most as Pudge. I transferred to Culver Creek Boarding School from Florida to seek a Great Perhaps, to leave behind the insignificant things I was doing, to seek something that was perhaps greater. I collect peoples dying words and I go to seek a Great Perhaps, were the shoemakers last words of Francois Rabelais, besides unlike him, I did not want to wait to die to start seeking it.This school has given me very many of my lows scratch friend, first dose of mischief and the first and last girl. Alaska was the most enigmatic and mysterious person I render ever met. Every element of her existence fascinated me, from her smell of cigarettes, vanilla and sweat, her creativity when planning pranks on our headmaster, her surprising ability to succeed in precalculus, and her obsession with strawberry wine, whic h we had to drink in secrecy. The first time I had a real conversation with her she told me the last words of Simon Bolivar, which I had never heard before Damn it, how will I ever get out of this labyrinth When I asked her what the labyrinth was, she told me that that was the mystery. Is the labyrinth living or dying? Are we all trying to escape the world, or the end of it? This quote completely juxtaposes my Great Perhaps, I looked to seek and she looked to escape. After she died I found a note in one of her books in her life pertinacious library, a collection of books that she had bought from garage sales that she had been accumulating ever since she was young. She had written that the only way out of the labyrinth was straight and fast.Alaska taught me to live in the second gear and not to plan ahead. She said Imagining the future is a kind of nostalgia, you spend your whole life stuck in the labyrinth thinking about how youll escape it one day, and how awesome it will be, and imagining the future keeps you going, provided you never do it. You fair(a) use the future to escape the present. (John Green, Looking For Alaska) I know people have whispered among themselves wondering whether Alaskas death was a suicide or a pure accident. I have been wondering the same.People who do not know Alaska may see her death as selfish, seeing the people close to her terribly heart broken. I have to clear her name. When Alaska was 8 days old, she watched her father having a seizure and pass away. Alaska was frozen in fear and did not call 911 and she never forgave herself. The day Alaska died, was the anniversary of her mothers birthday. Alaska had been drinkable and I remember her waking up in the middle of the night cursing and crying, telling us that we had to distract our headmaster so she could drive to her mothers grave.She crashed into a truck on her way without any attempt to turn the car. I realize now the labyrinth was not life or death, it was suffering, doing wrong and having wrong things happen to you. How do you get out of the labyrinth of suffering? Alaska chose straight and fast, whether it was on purpose or not. I knew Alaska for one century and thirty six days, but I do not think anyone truly knew her. Her death threw me into the realization that I have always been trapped in a labyrinth of suffering.Before I got to this point, I thought for a long time that the way out of the labyrinth was to pretend it did not exist, but to build a small, self sufficient world in the back corner of the endless maze to pretend that I was not lost, but home. I hated Alaska and I hated everything for a while after she was gone. I hated myself for being a coward and not stopping her from leaving that night. It all alone felt so terribly unfair, all of it, the inarguable injustice of loving someone who might have loved you back, but can not collect to deadness.I loved Alaska because she showed me both my labyrinth and my Great Perhaps she had proved to me that it was worth it to leave my minor life for grander maybes, and now she is gone and with her my faith in perhaps. Alaska is still teaching me a lesson the only way out of the labyrinth is to forgive. I wish Alaska had realized this too before it had to end this way. Her mother forgave her just as I am sure Alaska forgives all of us now. You see we are all going, nothing can last, not even the earth itself. (John Green, Looking For Alaska) The Buddha said that suffering was caused by desire, and that the cessation of desire meant the cessation of suffering. So when you stopped wishing things would not fall apart, you would stop suffering when they did. So Alaska, I have some last words for you, Thomas Edisons, Its very beautiful over there. I do not know where there is, but I believe it is somewhere and I hope it is beautiful. After all of this I will learn no more last words because I know so many, but I will never know hers.

Compare And Contrast Japan And China Essay

China and Japan, twain with thousand years of ancient polish and subtlety history, share numerous similarities and differences. Confucianism is a collectivist establish value system which embraces a laid of moral codes of behavior designed to regulate the relationships between ruler and subject, father and son, friend and neighbor, husband and wife, and brother and brother. hitherto though both China and Japan employed Confucianism as the state ideology, there were many features of Confucianism in the twain countries that shaped each countrys societies. China and Japan isolated themselves from the rest of the world in the beginning, but later on, the differences in response to the pressure from the westerly led them to different paths. This canvas is going to compare and contrast two main differences between Japan and China, which include a cultural legacy known as Confucianism and the response to the West in 19th century. To begin with, Confucianism stresses particular socia l relationships, but it is also a universal moral code, which makes it easy for the Japanese adoption.However, the Japanese transform it in their track and to a certain degree Confucian concepts are applied to relationships carrying a different meaning from those in China. At its most basic of culture, Chinese morality is founded on the family structure, with the most important social ties being that of parent and child and its blood-related family clans. The Japanese moral system is founded on a set of kinship relations that go beyond blood ties or extend to members who have no blood relationship, with the primary tie being that between attracter and follower. Therefore, Japanese policy-making culture is more group-oriented, more tribal, or more radical. Another example is the paired concepts of loyalty and filial piety that characterize the two cultures. These two values are related both are the duties we owe to our superiors. Loyalty is our duty to our ruler, and filial piety is our duty to our parents.Both came into the Japanese culture as part of the Confucian influence, but they are treated differently in China and Japan. In China, filial piety or reverence for parents is the most important of theserelationships and the one that binds the Confucian moral system together. Confucianists assume that if e realone internalizes such family values, society will come into tune with heaven, and harmony, contentment, and prosperity will ensue as a matter of course (Miller, John H). When there is a conflict between the two, our duty to our parents usually outweighs that to the ruler. In Japan, the Japanese do not discern this tension or contradiction one is a filial child only if one gives loyal service to ones superior. Therefore, loyalty is evince in unquestioning slave-like obedience and implies total selfless devotion to ones lord. In other words, loyalty in the Japanese culture usually take precedence over filial piety.In addition, harmony, rather than c ompetition, is one of the core Confucian ideas and the concept that helps to shape both Chinese and Japanese political cultures. Both China and Japan are highly collectivistic societies under the Confucian influence, in which each person is born and melt into a incarnate entity either family, clan, group, society, or state, each person knows his or her status and identity in relation to others in social relations, and each person is required to conform to the collective values. However, in Japan, more emphasis is placed on group orientation and loyalty to the group, for it is the group that gives one a social identity, provides a emotional state of security, and receives the rewards of service. Not only the house fancy and the village but also colleagues, fellow students, neighbors, and even industrial sectors constitute the important groups from which one acquires social status and identity.The gage Imperialism of the 19th century, driven by both America and Western Europe prof oundly affected Africa and Asia. In Asia, both Japan and China were impacted, but in very different ways. Japan was able to ward off the threats of imperialism, and emerge as a world power. China, on the other hand, suffered the loss of sovereignty and status. The elites of both countries responded to the challenges posed by Western penetration by initiating reforms. In Japan, the Meiji regime chose to remake themselves entirely through Westernization, while in China, the Qing government chose instead to hold on to traditional Chinese values and institutions. Chinas efforts at reform, the Self-Strengthening Movements, was in essential traditional answers to traditional problems. There was no significant, large-scale industrialisation in China, and they displayedlittle willingness to abandon traditional imperial institutions that were incapable to dealing with contemporary problems.Chinese cultural pride was just too deeply ingrained, so much so that it became an impediment, blinding many Chinese and preventing them from recognizing the need to learn from the barbarians and for fundamental change. On the other hand, Japanese efforts to adopt foreign engineering science to accept their military and industrial needs were largely achievementful. The Meiji regime, however, saw that military technology and industrialization could not be separated from institutional structures that had produced and accompanied such developments in the West, and showed little hesitation in transforming or abolishing traditional institutions in favor of those that could give Japan the modernity it needed to survive. Overall, the Meiji Restoration was a tremendous success for the Japanese and allowed them to join the ranks of Western new imperial powers. Both nations pursued the goal of a rich nation and strong army as the way to modernization through the Self-Strengthening Movement in China and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.However, most of the reforms in the Self-Strengthening Mov ement belonged to the surface layer of modernization which included manufacturing technology of military and light and heavier industries, and certain infrastructures. The reforms in the Meiji Restoration not only replicated the material manufacturing technology, but also touched the inner and deeper parts of Western civilization that included political structures and legal systems, and Western types of philosophy, culture and ways of thinking. China and Japan, due to geographical proximity, historical, and cultural ties, have many similarities and differences. Confucianism played a very important part in both Chinese and Japanese, but their different understandings in many same concepts lead to different cultures and societies.In addition, during the nineteenth century, confront the pressure of the West, different responses changes the fate of China and Japan. Chinese responded to the Opium Wars and western intrusion through a combination of challenging the West, embracing traditi onal ways, challenging the Qing Dynasty, or seeking moderate reforms. Japan, though never conquered, responded to the intrusion of West quite differently. Rather than looking to the past, the Japanese desire to emulate the West. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan modernized. Japan sought to avoid Chinas fate by adopting aspects of Western culture and faced a turning point in its history.Works CitedMiller, John H. precept Systems and Religions. Modern East Asia An Introductory History. Armonk, N.Y. M.E. Sharpe, 2008. 19. Print.

Melting pot vs salad bowl Essay

Have you ever heard that America is a melting pot or a salad rolling? The allegory for the melting pot is unfortunate and misleading for America. A more accurate metaphor would be a salad stadium, for the salad bowl can be very unlike from the melting pot because of all its ingredients can make it distinguished from the melting pot. Even today Americans are calling America a salad bowl or else of a melting pot. Whereas it once was a melting pot but soon changed. There have been many questions and many answers for the melting pot and the salad bowl form America and its divers(prenominal) citizens. These metaphors cant be better than the others they both serve the same purpose just in a different ways.In my opinion today American is not a melting pot America was once called a melting pot but straight off is a salad bowl. First of all America is a salad bowl because people today are able to practice their own culture. On the other stack the melting pot doesnt allow this because al l the cultures blend in to from one culture. The salad bowl allows people to retain their original cultures and traditions whereas the melting pot doesnt. in spite of these benefits, some people believe that America is a melting pot instead of the salad bowl. The melting pot states that we should surrender our culture and ethic identities. Whereas the salad bowl lets you be free to choose what you want to practice. The way I see it is that the salad bowl doesnt make us blend in or surrender our cultures. The salad bowl has many different features that the melting does not have.

Compensation: Methods and Policies

CHAPTER 11- COMPENSATION Methods and Policies Determination of Individual overcompensate Manage essential address to two questions in order to determine how employees are paid. First, how one employee is paid relative to other employee within the same company and performing the same job junction. Second, if the pay is different, then on what priming was this distinction determined-experience, skills, performance, seniority, higher performance, merit or some other basis.Organizations apply pay first derivatives to get laid employees different contribution to the organization, to communicate a limitingd emphasis on important job roles, skills, and knowledge, to emphasize the norms of the organization without having employees change jobs, that is promotion, to avoid violating the internal equity norms and to recognize market changes between jobs (page 328).Methods of Payments 1)Flat Pay Unionized firms normally accomplish the single flat rate of pay method by collective bargain ing rather than differential rates of pay. These firms still recognize the differences between employees seniority and experience but choose not to recognize these variations when setting wage rates. 2) Payment for Time Worked This is the most common way employees are paid in the form of wages (nonexempt and hourly paid) or salary (exempt and annually or monthly paid).Pays can be adjusted upward in 4 ways namely general increase across the board, exclusive merit increase metrical unitd on performance, cost of living adjustment (COLA) and seniority. 3) Variable Pay inducement Compensation. Based on international and global competitive, American businesses have now increasingly turned to shifting pay plans as an attempt to link pay to performance and productivity to be competitive internationally.Pay methods can be flexible and can be built into the variable payment plan by taking a total compensation approach which include the following three elements namely base pay (serves as platform for variable pay), variable pay ( gainsharing, winsharing, lumpsum motivatores, individual flexible pay, etc) (page 330). Incentive compensation is a method of paying employees on the basis of their output either individually, to the work group or on an enterprisewide basis. 1) Merit Incentive is pay related to the individual performance.Traditional merit is pay from a higher base salary after the annual performance evaluation. 2) Individual Incentive This is the oldest form of motivator plan where individuals are paid for units produced. The following forms are included under this method piecework, production bonus and commission. Piece work can be straight piece work (sawing mill) or standard-hour plan (mechanic shop). yield bonus refers to employee hourly rate plus a bonus when the employee exceeds the standards (page332).Commission is based on the per centum of sales in units or dollars. 3) Team Incentive This includes the entire groups incentive used to build the p olice squad culture. 4) Organizational Incentive Reward based from shared profits generated by the employees efforts or money saved from the employees efforts to reduce cost (page 346). 5) Garnishing Incentive These are companywide group incentive plans that unite employees to improve organizational dominance through a financial formula for distributing organizationwide gains (page 356. )

Routing Protocol

1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Whatis Computer lucre? The groupofcomputers and devices involvemented by communication channels all(prenominal)owing mathematical controlrs to sh atomic number 18 tuition, entropy, softw are and hardware with further users is dream upt to be computer network. Network protocols bound hardware as well as software comp geniusnts of network. Two or more(prenominal)computers are saidto beina network if and solely if they are attachedmutuallyandareableto commune. Computers are committed to a network by the use of allthe ports i. e. , parallel ports, modem ports, Ethernet ports, serial ports, USB ports, fire wire ports and many more in iodin or more way.But Ethernet port is the more or less broadly employ portsfor net work. Hosts, end stations or workstations are referred tour talkingabout networks. Anythingattachedtothe networkincluding hubs, bridges, switches, routers,access points, firewalls, workstations, servers, mainframes, printers, scanners, copi ers, fax machinesand more are included low Host or end stations . Computers are connected in a network for overlap of software and hardware resources, info and entropy as well as smooth the progress of communication. 1. 2 TCP/IP flooredarchitecture figure TCP/IP Layeredarchitecture The pursuitarethe stratumsofthe TCP/IParchitecture Application Layer In theapplication social class bare(a) Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) uses protocolfor network communication. Application layer protocolsare roughlyfrequentlylinked with client-serverapplications. Transport Layer End-to-end message transfer capability, diminish control, misconduct control and fragmentation etc are providedby the post layer. The transport layer ensures source to goal delivery of big moneys safely and reliably.The service finished which applications are connectedtogether viathe useof ports is provided by transport layer. Network Layer Packets are crystallinely transmitted o verthe total network in the OSIs Network layer. Hosts addressing by assigningtheman IPaddressand piece of land routing among multiple networks are handled in this layer. This layer is concerned with routing selective tuition end to end message delivery etc. Inter guinea pig Layer The data exchange betweenthe serverandthe network are monitored by theinterface layer. The protocols forphysical transmissionof data is de exquisited by Interface Layer . 1. 3Autonomous SystemIP networksand routers collection belowthe controlof one entity representing a common routing insurance is called anAutonomous System. EachAS pretend a uniqueAS summatefor usein routing. Each network is uniquely identified onthe earnings by ASN. IANA (Internetassigned Numbersauthority) assign AS numbersand supplyto Regionalinternet Registries (RIRs)in blocks. Autonomous System can be dividedinto three categories MultihomedAutonomous System Connectionsto more than oneAS is maintained by a MultihomedAS. Stubautonom ous System Connectionto tho one otherAS is Stubautonomous System.Transitautonomous SystemConnections through itselfto conk out networks are provided by Transitautonomous System. 1. 4 Routing The methodof selecting caterpillar tracksina network via whichto channelise data is meant to be routing. The turnof findinga racecourseway froma sendertoa in demand(p) end is also said to be routing. The telephone network,theinternetand transport networks, etc perform routing. Network Layerof either TCP/IP layered model orthe OSI (Open Systeminterconnect) Reference model primarily carry out routing. The logicallyaddressed packets are passed fromtheir sourceto destination viaintermediary nodes i. e. orwarding is directed by routing. Routing tasks are performed by routers. Routing and packet forwarding is performed by ordinarycomputers available with multiple network card in a limited manner. Forwarding is directed by the routing process onthe basisof routing hold overs where routing remember to different network destinations are maintained. In revision to have efficient routing, construction of routing table heldinthe routers repositing is most necessary thing. Only one network thoroughfare are frequently used by routing algorithmic programs ata time, butthe useof multiplealternative paths is made possible by multi-path routing techniques.Following are the facesof routing delivery semantics Unicast A message is delivered toa wizard specified node by router. Fig Unicasting Broadcast A message is deliveredtoall nodesinthe network by router. Fig beam Multicast A message is deliveredto assemblyof nodes that have expressedinte detainin gettingthe message by router. Fig Multicasting Anycast A message is deliveredtoany one outofa setof nodes, typicallythe one nexttothe source. Figanycasting 2. TYPESOF ROUTING Following are the typesof Routing mechanisms. Theyare Static Routing Dynamic Routing 2. Static Routing The processby which routes can be manually entered into the routing table with the inspection and repair of a configuration file which institutionalizes automatically as soon as router starts is called smooth routing. Networkadministrator, who configures the routes, can enter these routes as an option. Thus static routes mean the routes that can non be changed (excepta person changesthem) after their configuration. The simplesttypeof routing is static routing. In end of change of routing tuition often or configuration on a huge number of routing devices (router) it doesnt work fine as it is a manual process.The outages or down connections are not handled properly by static routing becausemanually configured route must be reconfigured physically in orderto fix or renovateany lost connectivity. 2. 2 Dynamic Routing Network destinations are discovered dynamicallyby promoter of softwareapplications called Dynamic routing protocols. A routing table is created and managed by routerin Dynamic Routing. Firstly, a router get out lea rn routestothe directly connected entire networks. It willthen learn routes from other routers using the same routing protocol. ane or more ruff routes are selected from the list of routes for each(prenominal) and all(prenominal) network destination by router. Best routein stageion are distributedto other routers runningthe same routing protocol by Dynamic protocols, distributingthe teaching on what networks it subsistand can be reached. This provide dynamic routing protocolsthecapabilitytoget used to logical networktopology changes, equipment failures or network outages onthe fly. 2. 3 partsof Dynamic Routing withdrawnness- sender Routing Paths are calculated using Bellman Ford Algorithm bya distance-transmitter routing protocol.RIPv1and 2and IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) are examplesof distance-vector routing protocols. Earlier, distance vector protocols such as RIPv1 show classful behavior but newer distance vector protocols suchas RIPv2and enhanceinterior Gatewa y Routing Protocol (EIGRP) show signs of classless behavior. Distance-vector routing protocols Easyand competentin small networks divest convergence properties Facilitate inthe growthof more complex but more scalable link-state routing protocolsfor usein large networks. Periodic copiesofa routing table are passed from routerto router by distance vector routingalgorithms. reproducible broadcast is the most commonly usedaddressing scheme. Periodic updates are sent by routers runninga distance vector routing protocol even ifthereare no changesinthe network. Complete routing table is included underthe periodic routing update in a pure distance vector environment. all in all know routes can be verified and changes can be madeby gettinga neighbors complete routing table based on simplifiedinformation also called as routing by rumor. Fig Distance Vector RoutingPeriodic routing updates are received from router A to router B inthe figure. Distance vector metric (suchas hop count) ar e added by Router B to each route learned from router A,risingthe distance vector. Its own routing tablesare passed to its neighbor, router C. This process occursbetween directly connected neighbor routers inall directions. The chief purposeisto decidethe top routetocontaininthe table when the routing table is updated bya routing protocolalgorithm. Different routing metric is used to determinethe beat route by each distance vector routing protocol. calculated valueis generated for each path through network by thealgorithm. Usually, the path is better if metric is smaller. Single characteristicofa path helps in calculation of metrics and combination of several path characteristics helps in calculation of more complex metrics. The most commonly usedmetrics used by distance vector routing protocols are Hop press Packets numberof passages throughoutthe output portof one router Bandwidth Links data capability Delay Time necessaryto shifta packet from starting placeto destination. stre tch along work load onrouter or link. Reliability each network linkbit error rate Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)the utmost message extentin octets satisfactorytoall links onthe path. Link-State Routing Packet-switched networks use link-state routing protocolfor computer communications. OSPFandIS-IS are its examples. Atopological database is built by the help of link-state routing that describes extrapreciseinter-network routes. Large networks use link state routing protocols and now used by most of the organization and ISP.Router performs the link-state protocol inthe network. A mapofthe connectivityofthe network is constructed by every node in the form of graph showing node connection to other node is the basic conceptof link-state routing. The best next hop is calculated by each nodeindependently for every possible destinationinthe network. The routing table for the node is formed bythe collectionof best next hops. Fig Link-State Routing To find outthe shortest path from itselfto every other nodeinthe network analgorithm is run by each nodeindependently overthe map.OSPF, EIGRP and Novells NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) are the examples of link state routing protocol. IPX is only supported by Novells NLSP. A partial mapofthe network is maintained by each router in this typeof routing protocol. Link stateadvertisement (LSA)is flooded throughoutthe network whena network link changes state (upto down, or vice versa). The changes are noted and routes are re-computed by allthe routersaccordingly. Greater supplenessand sophistication are provided by Link State Routing protocols thanthe Distance Vector routing protocols.Overall broadcast calling is reducedand better finales are madeabout routing by taking characteristics suchas bandwidth, delay, reliability,and loadinto consideration,insteadof takingtheir decisions only on hop count. 3. ROUTINGALGORITHMS 3. 1 Bellman-FordAlgorithm Also called as chase after Correctingalgorithm Used for negative edge weigh t Same as Dijkstrasalgorithm In order to maintain distance tables, this algorithm is used by router Exchanginginformation withthe neighboring nodes help to update information in the distance table All nodesin the network is represented by the numberof datainthe table The directlyattached neighbors are represented by the columnsof table and all destinationsinthe network are represented by the row. The numberof hops, latency,the numberof outgoing packets, etc. are measurements in this algorithm. 3. 2 DijkstrasAlgorithm Edsger Dijkstraconceived Dijkstrasalgorithm virtuallyly used for routing Is a graph search algorithm The single-source shortest path problemfora graph is solved by this algorithm with non negative edge path monetary values The shortest path tree is produced as a output Helps in finding shortest route from one router to other A shortest-path spanning tree having route to all possible destinationis built by this algorithm for router The router usingthealgorit hmisthe sourceof its shortest-path spanning tree 4. ROUTING PROTOCOLS Routing protocol describe the way of communication between routers which helps in the selection of routes between any two nodes on a network. Usually, knowledge of immediate neighbors is known by each router. Thisinformation is shared bya routing protocol to have routers the knowledgeofthe networktopology. Most commonly used Routing protocols are as follows 4. RIP (Routinginformation Protocol) dynamicinter-network routing protocol used in private network routes are automatically discovered routing tables are built a Distance-Vector routing protocol uses Bellman-Fordalgorithm 15 hops areallowed with RIP 180 sec is the hold down time broad updates are transmitted every 30 sec by each RIP router Works at network layer Prevent routing loops Hop limit incorrect routinginformation are bared from cosmos propagated palmy configuration no parameter required Two versionsof RIP are as follows RIPv1 classf ul routing is used subnet information is not carried by periodic routing updates no support for VLSM (variable length subnet masks) Same network class have different sized subnet by the use of RIPv1 No router credentials Broadcast based and 15 is the supreme hop count A RIPv1 packetformatis shown below picFig RIP packetformat wantdetermine whetherthe packetisa call for ora response. A router sendall or partof its routing table is asked bythe request. Replytoa request or regular routing update means the response. Routing table entries are contained in responses. Version number RIP version used is specified.Potentially repugnant versions can be signaled by this field. Zero RFC 1058 RIP doesnt use this field it wasadded to have retrograde compatibility provided to pre-standard varietiesof RIP. Address family identifier (AFI) Theaddress family used is specified. Address-family identifier is contained ineach gatetospecifythe categoryofaddress being particularized. TheAFIfor IPi s 2. Address The IPaddress is particularizedforthe entry. MetricThe number of inter-network hops traversedinthe trigger offtothe destination is indicated. 1and 15foran applicable route, or 16foran unapproachable route. RIPv2 Developedin 1994 classlessinter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is supported Subnetinformation can be carried Addition of MD5 authentication and Rudimentary plain textauthentication for the security of routing updates. Routing updates are multicast to 224. 0. 0. 9 15 is the maximum hop count A RIPv2 packetformat is shown below pic Fig RIPv2 packetformat Commanddetermine whetherthe packetisa request ora response. A router sendall or partof its routing table is asked bythe request. Replytoa request or regular routing update means the response. Routing table entries are contained in responses.Version number RIP version used is specified. Unused Zero is the value set. Address-family identifier (AFI)Theaddress family used is specified. Authenticationinformation is conta ined in the remainder of the entry iftheAFIforthe initial entryis 0xFFFF inthe message. At present,simple password is the onlyauthentication type. Route tag The methodology is providedfor distinguishing betweeninternal routes (learned by RIP)and external routes (learned from other protocols). IPaddress IPaddress is particularizedforthe entry. Subnet maskThe subnet mask is containedforthe entry.No subnet mask has been particularizedforthe entry if this fieldis zero. Next hop The IPaddressofthe next hop is indicatedto which packetsforthe entry should beforwarded. MetricThe number of inter-network hops traversedinthe triptothe destination is indicated. 1and 15foran applicable route, or 16foran unapproachable route. 4. 2 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) A Link-State protocol usedfor routing between routers belongingtoa singleautonomous system link-state technology is used informationaboutthe direct connectionsand links is communicated between the routers kindred database is maintain ed by each OSPF router for the description of theautonomous Systemstopology Calculation of a routing table by the construction of a shortest- path tree from this database. Routes are promptly recalculated in the face of topological changes equal-cost multi-path are supported Authentication of all OSPF routing protocol exchanges Designed for TCP/IP environment routing updates authentication IP multicast are utilized in sending/receivingthe updates routes IP packets based exclusively onthe commit IPaddress originateinthe IP packet header Grouping of sets of networks IP subnets are flexibly configured Destinationand mask is available to the route distributed by OSPF The hobby figure showsthe packetformat used by OSPF picFig OSPF packetformat Version numberthe OSPF version used is specified. Typethe OSPF packet type is identifiedas oneofthe following Hello neighbor relationships are set up and maintained. Database descriptionthe contentsofthetopological database are descri bed. Link-state request piecesofthetopological database are requested from neighbor routers.Link-state updatea link-state request packet is responded. Link-stateacknowledgment link-state update packets are acknowledged. Packet lengththe packet length,the OSPF header is specified. Router ID the sourceofthe packet is identified. Area ID Thearea of packet is identified. All OSPF packetsarelinked witha singlearea. Checksumthe complete packet contents are checkedforany harm sufferedin travel. Authentication typetheauthentication type is contained. Authentication ofall OSPF protocol exchanges. Configuration of theauthentication type on per-area basis.Authentication authenticationinformation is contained. Data encapsulated upper-layerinformation is contained. 5. WORKING 5. 1 Distance Vector Routing The following methods showthe boilers suit workingofthe Distance-Vector Routing . There is no pre define route i. e. entire route for a particular destination is not known to any router. The po rt to send out a unicast packet is known by each router on the basis of destination address. Progressively the route is made and there is the formation of the route by the theatrical role of each router when it receives the packet.The optimum tree is not predefined in DVRP actually. No routers have knowledge for making an optimal tree. Slowly and gradually the tree is made. The tree is formed as soon as a router receives a packet it is forwarded by router through some of the ports, on the basis of source address. Other down-stream routers make the rest of the tree. The formation of the loops must be prevented by this protocol. Duplications are also prevented in order to make the entire network receive only one copy. In addition to this, the shortest path from source to the destination is the path travelled by a copy.Inconsistencies occurring with Distance-Vector Routing Incorrect routing entries are caused by slowinter-network convergence which may meet inconsistencies maintaining routing information. .The following example describes howinconsistencies occurin Distance-Vector routing The entire figure describes the inconsistencies occurring with Distance-Vector Routing. Defininga maximumto prevent countto timeless existence . With thisapproach,the routing table update loop is permitted by routing protocol untilthe metric exceeds its maximumallowed value. Fig Defininga maximumto prevent counttoinfinity 6 hops are defined as the maximumallowed value. Whenthe metric value exceeds 16 hops, we cannot reach network 10. 4. 0. 0 Routing Loopsin Distance-Vector Routing A routing loop is said to be occurred if two or more routers havefalse routinginformationrepresenting thata applicable pathtoan unapproachable destination exists via other routers. Fig Routing Loop Solutionsto eliminate routing loops Split vistaThe information is not sent in the direction from where original information comes. The give out horizon function is illustrated by the following figureFig Sp lit Horizon Route PoisoningRouting loops are eliminated. The following figure providesan exampleof Route Poisoning Fig Route Poisoning Inadditionto split horizon, route poisoningand holddown timers, poison reverse, holddown timersand triggered updatesare other methodsto eliminate routing loops. 5. 2 Link-State Routing The following methods showthe overall workingof Link-State Routing. Gathering of the neighborinformation continuously. Router answering to this protocol are broadcasted the list of neighborinformation, process knownas flooding.Soon, thisinformation is distributed to all routers onthe network. Flooding of the neighborinformation in caseofa (routing-significant) changeinthe network. The best path can be calculated to any host on any destination network as everythingaboutthe network is known by every router. 6. ADVANTAGESAND DISADVANTAGES Distance-Vector Routing Advantagesof Distance-Vector Routing simpleand flat network No special hierarchical design is required. Impl ementation of hub-and-spoke networks No concern for worst-case convergence timesina network less memoryand processing authority functionDisadvantagesof Distance-Vector Routing Incorrect routing entries create inconsistencies in maintainingthe routinginformation Rise of a condition counttoinfinity Occurrence of a routing loop Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) or super netting is not supported multi-vendor routing environment is not supported Link-State Routing Advantagesof Link-State Routing Paths are chosen via network by the use of cost metrics changesinthe networktopology are reported toall routersinthe network quickly fast convergence times No occurrence of routing loops routing decisions are based on the most new-fashioned setofinformation Link-State protocols use cost metricsto choose paths thoughthe network. The cost metric reflectsthe capacityofthe links on those paths. Disadvantagesof Link-State Routing Topology database,anadjacency database,andaforwardin g database is required. a significantamountof memoryis required in large or complex networks significantamountof mainframe power usage need of a strict hierarchical network design to reduce significantamountof CPU power usage network capability or performance is low to transport data . occupationAREAS Distance-Vector Routing used in mobile, wireless and hoc networks (MANETs) used for mobilead hoc routing (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing) . Link-State Routing usedin larger, more complicated networks Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) designed for mobile, wireless and hoc networks 8. COMPARING DISTANCE-VECTORAND LINK-STATE ROUTING STRATEGIES Mostly, best path is determined by Distance Vector protocols, while bandwidth, delay, reliabilityand load are considered to make routing decision by Link-State protocols Distance Vector protocols are simple and efficient where as Link-State protocols are flexible and advanced Routinginformation Protocol (RIP v1and v2 )andinterior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP developed by Cisco) are Distance Vector protocols where as OSPF, EIGRP, Novells NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) are Link-State protocols Notion of a distance is not required in Distance Vector routing where as Link-State routing is based on minimizing some notion of distance Uniform policies are not required at all routers in Distance Vector routing but uniform policy is required in Link-State routing Router have little knowledge about network topology in Distance Vector routing where as routing domain has excessive knowledge about topology information in Link-State routing 9. coating Introduction, working, use, advantages and disadvantages of Distance-Vectorand Link-State routingare explainedin this project. Bellmanfordand Dijkstrasalgorithm are also discussed. This project describes the popularity of Distance-Vectorand Link-State routingbecause of their complex, sophisticated, flexible features in recent computer networking field..

Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Paper Essay

Industry averages and monetary symmetry reports determine the financial health of an organization. Solvent, efficiency, and profitability are compared by key financial indicators and ratios that stride several companies at heart the same industry. The publically traded company chosen by Team A is ExxonMobil. The largest publicly traded international oil and gas company in the world. ExxonMobil makes products that drive modern transportation, power cities, lubricate industry, and picture petrochemical building blocks that lead to thousands of consumer goods (ExxonMobil, 2013-2015). In this paper, Team A will analyze the industry statics and financial ratios of ExxonMobil. critically adopt lean principles to create a more efficient ashes. Discuss what a Just-In-Time inventory dodge would have if adopted. Compare the ratios for ExxonMobil with the appropriate industry ratios shown in the D&B Report. correct Code of miscellaneaThe Standard Classification Code (SIC) was created in 1937 as four digit codes the government assigns to all U.S. companies to supporter identify the primary establishment. These codes were developed to promote the presentation, gathering, and digest of data. It also helps simplify comparability and uniformity of the collection of statistical data, which are done by federal government agencies, private organizations, and state agencies. Each SIC that is assigned has a meaning. The SIC system arrays the economy into 11 divisions, that are dual-lane into 83 2-digit major groups, that are further subdivided into 416 3-digit industry groups, and finally disaggregated into 1,005 4-digit industries. The primary SIC code is determined by the highest tax department within the company that prior year (Siccode.com, 2015). The SIC for ExxonMobil is 2911 Petroleum Refining(U. S. Department of Labor, n. d.).ExxonMobil size up SystemsExxon bustling operates on the LIFO inventory system method for their air. LIFO, meaning last in, first ou t, is an inventory system in which goods that are produced last are social occasiond first. LIFO is a very common accounting system method that many an(prenominal) gas and oil industry owners have used over duration. Most companies use the LIFO inventory system for tax purposes when cost are raising, hence gas and oil prices. In the event that Exxon Mobile switched to the vindicatory in time inventory, its possible that Exxon Mobile could come up short on their inventory. Just in time inventory is used to reduce cost by only purchasing inventory when needed. Since gas and oil is such a huge necessity for consumers, the just time inventory method would not be beneficial to Exxon Mobile ( origination Analysis on Net, 2015). refer Financial dimensions for ExxonMobilAccording to Farlex (2015), financial ratios are defined as a financial analysis equation in which certain financial statement items are divided by one another to bust their logical interrelationships. Financial rati os can be classified to reveal movements in profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios. Solvency ratios measure a companys ability to pay its debt and other obligations. Profitability ratios exhibit the manner in which a business has fulfilled its operational point of view. Efficiency ratios are normally utilized to examine how a business internally uses its assets and liabilities (Investopedia, 2015). The cart be mortified acknowledges some key financial ratio for each of the precedent mentioned categories for ExxonMobil. All of these ratios have been computed and derived from annual information for the 2010- 2011 fiscal years.Exxon Mobils Performance Comparison to Industry AveragesThe chivvy & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios data set for 2911 Refining Petroleum had a sample of 24 in 2010 and a sample of 31 in 2011 to help compare Exxons ratios to its competitors. This data set is divided into three categories, this paper compares only three ratios for each category Solvency R atios Quick Ratio, Current Ratio, and Current Liabilities to Inventory Ratio Efficiency Ratios aggregation Period Ratio, Assets to Sales Ratio, and Accounts Payable to Sales Ratio Profitability Ratios recidivate on Sales Ratio, Return on Assets, and Return on Net Worth.Solvency Ratios AnalysisThe quick ratio for Exxon in 2010 and 2011 are 0.64 times, which falls between the median and discredit endure of the industry averages on the D & B chart for both years. This shows that ExxonMobil Corporation to be among the average in its industry, therefore it will be a less risky investment. The period ratio in 2010 and 2011 is 0.94 times, in which 2010 falls in the lower range and 2011 falls between the median and lower range of the industry averages. This explains that in 2010 and 2011 Exxon only had $0.94 in current assets to cover every dollar of current liabilities. The current liabilities to inventory ratio illustrates how much a company depends on its inventory to help pay its debt. As the above chart shows, Exxons current liabilities to inventory ratio for 2010 is 482.68% and for 2011 is 515.87%, which falls on the lower range of industry averages on the D & B chart. This reveals that Exxon does not have to depend on its inventory to help pay its debts. (Creditmanagementworld.com, 2006-2015).Efficiency Ratios AnalysisCollection period ratio is used in analyzing how fast a business can increase its coin supplies. Exxons collection period ratio for 2010 is 28.24 days and 2011 is 26.60 days. When comparing this ratio to the industry averages on the D & B chart, Exxon falls between the median and lower ranges. This informs potential investors that Exxon is able to collect on its receivables within 30 days of its initial receipt. The assets to sales ratio for Exxon in 2010 is 0.82 and 0.71 in 2011. This ratio is very low compared to the industry averages, which in term means that Exxon is selling more than it can safely fulfill by its assets. The accounts pa yable to sales ratio for Exxon is 0.91 in 2010 and 0.79 in 2011. These two ratios fall in the hurrying range of the D & B chart, this is bad for Exxon because it states that Exxon might be using its suppliers to help fund the operations during this time period (Creditmanagementworld.com, 2006-2015).Profitability Ratio AnalysisThe hold on sales (Profit Margin) ratio in 2010 is 13.82% and in 2011 is 15.06%, for Exxon. This ratio when compared to its industry averages lies in the upper range on the D & B chart. This determines that Exxon is better lively to handle any downtrends brought upon by adverse conditions. Exxons return on assets (ROA) ratio for 2010 is 11.37% and 12.96% in 2011. It falls on the upper range of the D & B chart. This illustrates that Exxon is ran very well and has a strong return on its assets. Exxons return on net worth for 2010 is 23.67% and for 2011 is 27.26%. This simply means that Exxon has made a profit on its investment for these two years. Through this analysis we find that Exxon stays close to the upper percentage ratios, when compared to the industry averages. This ratio makes ExxonMobil Corporation an ideal investing opportunity (Creditmanagementworld.com, 2006-2015).ConclusionDuring these two years, many companies were still feeling the effects of the economic recession. This can possibly explain why some of Exxons ratios are on the lower range of its industry averages. As potential investor, this team feels that the financial health of ExxonMobil Corporation in 2010 and 2011 is within the range of the industry averages. Despite what these ratio determine, Exxon is a viable business entity with great potential forinvesting.ReferencesBusiness Dictionary. (2015). Financial Ratios. Retrieved from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/financial-ratios.html Creditmanagementworld.com. (2006-2015). Business Financial Analysis Using Ratios. Retrieved from http//www.creditmanagementworld.com/analysis/analysis04.html Dun & Bradst reet. (n.d.). Key Business Ratios. Retrieved from http//www.mergentkbr.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/index.php/reports/industry ExxonMobil. (2013-2015). About Us. Retrieved from http//corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/about- us/history/overview Farlex. (2013-2015). Solvency Ratios. Retrieved from http//financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Solvency+Ratio Google Finance. (2015). ExxonMobil Corporation Annual Financial Statements. Retrieved from https//www.google.com/finance?q=NYSEXOM&fstype=ii Investopedia. (2015). Efficiency Ratios. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/e/efficiencyratio.asp Stock Analysis on Net. (2015). Retrieved from http//www.stock-analysis-on.net/NYSE/Company/Exxon-Mobil-Corp/Analysis/Inventory U. S. Department of Labor. (n. d.). 2911 Petroleum Refining. Retrieved from https//www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.display?id=627&tab= comment Worldwide Business Dictionary. (2015). What is a SIC Code?. Retrieved from http//siccode.com/en/pages/what-is- a-sic-code

A career in chemistry

IntroductionCandidate, who chooses interpersonal chemistry as a career, must have passion to know about science and chemical substances. chemical science is a branch of the science which explores the composition, properties, and transformation of substances and various elementary forms of matter. All human activities deal with a material world, which consists of chemicals, both natural and manufactured.Chlorophyll, hemoglobin, and insulin are examples of natural chemicals that are essential to life. interpersonal chemistry has great import in understanding the environment, enhancing methods of producing, processing, and packaging food and making automobiles protected and more fuel-efficient.Candidates who complete the chemistry major(ip) are knowledgeable in all aspects of modern chemistry. In graduation program, students cover course cogitation in the major sub-disciplines of chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical, biological, and analytical.The syllabus of chemistry allow the s tudent to choose array of career choices which entangle chemistry, medicine, law, business, chemical physics, environmental science, and secondary school teaching. If candidate wants to become chemist, he has to complete undergraduate homework to produce new products for the chemical-processing industries, execute tests and evaluations of existing products and the environment, and carry out basic seek (http//careers.ns.utexas.edu).Job descriptionChemistry offers number of careers. Chemistry is a major subject of science. Candidates trained in chemistry or the chemical sciences may win the susceptibility which can be utilized in various fields. For example chemists prepare medicines that treat galore(postnominal) diseases (www.science-engineering.net).Candidates who are interested in chemistry subject must possess many skills which include ability to make critical observations and appropriate decisions, ability to operate scientific equipment, ability to organize and maintain s tainless records, ability to conduct and clearly explain scientific research, proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and memorization, sensitivity to the health and gumshoe of others.In chemistry, candidate can also do courses in professional schools such as medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, occupational health, optometry, MBA programs and policy studies. Job of chemistry teacher is to teach courses for the chemical and physical properties and compositional changes of substances. They teach the methods of qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Teachers primarily engaged in teaching and many professionals can involve in teaching as well as research (http//www.careerplanner.com).Basically, chemistry lecturer deliver lectures to undergraduate and/or graduate students on topics such as organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and chemical separation, supervise students laboratory work, rate and grade students class work, laboratory performance, assignments, and pa pers, compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others, maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records, prepare course materials such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts, maintain regularly schedule office hours in order to advise and assist students, plan, evaluate, and modify curricula, course content and course materials and methods of instruction.Chemistry science lab teaching assistant is responsible to assist the Professor for conducting laboratory experiments (http//www.bethanylb.edu/). Chemists may involve in employ research projects which develop new products, or they may be engaged in theoretical research exploring new facts that may ultimately lead to new products. Many chemists work as administrators of these research projects or as executives in industry and government.

Telecommunications – Mobile Phones – Engineering Report

Title engineering science Assignment Historical Development of the Mobile bring forward Author J. Naumovski Date25/11/2012 anatomyY head 11 Engineering Abstract This Report testament examine the Historical development of the vigorous clapperclaw back in telecommunications, such as the biography, safety, Use in everyday life and the innovations. Introduction cubicle speech sounds, commonly k at presentn as quick predicts or radio telephones, argon hand-held phones with blue intact antennas that connect to bigger antennas at a cell tug.Unlike home phones, cell phones faeces be carried from prop to place with out(a) the need to be plugged into a lan-line to make a call. This makes them a good pickaxe for people who want to be in touch with other people even when they are international from the house. How Do Cell send fors Work people ask? Not many people know it, further cell phones are actually two-way radios similarly like the walkie-talkies from past decades, y et much more advanced. When you talk into your cell phone receiver, it registers your voice and converts the well(p) into radio waves. Without this you cannot hear the other person.These waves travel by means of the air until they reach a receiver, which is usually found at a base station. This station leave alone then send your call through a telephone network until it contacts the person you wish to c everywhere with. When someone places a call to your cell phone, the signal travels through the telephone network until it reaches the station closest or near you. The station sends the radio waves out into the neighboring areas this will be the closest tower in your area. These radio waves are then picked up by your cell phone and converted into the sound of a human voice.Cell phones are a vast improvement over the telecommunications technology of the past, and are cursory becoming a fixture of modern life. As always, communication is vital, and cell phones will help you to d ivulge communicate with the key people in your life. Using a cell phone is one of the counterbalance steps you must take to participate effectively in the emerging global economy. Analysis The History of Mobile Phones The history of sprightly phones shows a deep understanding of Telecommunication and the development of devices which are affiliated wirelessly to a public switched telephone network.The transmission of speech by radio has a long and high-spirited history going back to Reginald Fessendens invention and shore to ship demonstration of radio telephone, through the sustain World War (WWII) with military use of radio telephone links. Hand held radio transceivers necessitate been procurable since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for auto livelys became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s overly. Early devices were bulky and consumed high mogul and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations.Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pe rmeant use of fluent phones for voice and data communications. In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow runny users to place and receive telephone calls from auto windings, leading to the inauguration of ready usefulness on June 17, 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT dourered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of loosely incompatible meandering(a) telephone serve offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas.The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many measures in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible. The advances in mobile telephone can be traced in successive generations from the early 0G services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to world-class generation (1G) analogue cellular network, punt generation (2G) digital cellul ar networks, and third generation (3G) broadband data services to the current ground of the art, fourth generation 4G) native IP networks. Safety and Risks Associated with Mobile Phones When the archetypal cell phones were made in 1984, there were many health risks. Cell phones emit beam of light that could be harmful. No testing had been through with(p) prior to releasing these phones to the public. The radiation could possibly lead to brain cancer with long-term use. Cellular phones retort off an electromagnetic energy which is a type of non-ionizing radiation. This is similar to the radiation naturally found in thunderstorms. The RF electromagnetic energy that cellular phones create can penetrate through a body.The of import factors for the depth of penetration and how much is absorbed come from how close the phone is held and how strong its signal is. It is achievable that cell phones can cause serious health issues such as cancer, epileptic seizures or dormancy disorders , changes in brain activity, reaction timing but none of this has been proven, this is all a assumption because of the wireless Activity the cell phones give off. Using cell phone whilst impetuous could cause serious driving accidents. They may also interfere with medical equipment. This includes pace makers, defibrillators and hearing aids.Mobile phones also cause massive amounts of kerfuffle will aircrafts. This is why as a safety procedure they must be turned off during flight so devices can still remain operational. Innovations over History The mobile phone is a wondrous device of technology which historians track 40 years of amazing innovation and a emergence number of vintage mobile phone collectors fascinated by the choice and diversity. This piece of research sets out to serve both communities. Below is the 6th edition of research into the most historically important mobile phones. Its a uniquely global view.It is the history of cellular radio seen through the evolution of mobile handset innovation. The research is far from complete and contributions are welcome on additional information some the mobile already identified and those ground breaking mobile phones that should be included. Many of the mobiles identified are still relatively easy to acquire at auctions whilst others are starting to become harder to find. Timeline from 1973-2012 of Mobile Phone Innovations 1. foremost Prototype portable radio telephone that took the mobile out of the car and into the hand (1973) 2.Motorola Dynatac 8000X tour a vision into a practical mobile phone (1983) 3. Technophone EXCELL PC105T taking the mobile from the hand into the air pocket (1986) 4. Motorola MicroTAC some starting lines in size and design (1989) 5. Orbitel 901 the first GSM mobile and the first to receive a commercialised SMS text message (1992) 6. Motorola 3200 the first GSM hand portable (1992) 7. Nokia 1011 Nokias first GSM hand portable (1992) 8. anon The worlds first mobile wi th a lithium-ion battery (1992) 9. Motorola m300 (& south m200) Worlds first mobiles at 1800 MHz (1993) 10.Hagenuk MT-2000 The worlds first mobile providing a game to play (1994) 11. Nokia 2100 inaugural phone with Nokia tune (1994) 12. Nokia 9000 Communicator the first mobile to make a reality of the mobile office (1996) 13. Siemens S10 the first mobile phone with a full colour screen (1998) 14. Nokia 7110 the first effort (WAP) at taking the Internet onto a mobile (1999) 15. Kyocera VP210 the first mobile offering video telephony (1999) 16. Nokia 8850 Introducing look into the design of mobiles (1999) 17. Motorola L7089 Timeport -Bridging the Atlantic for travelers (1999) 18.Samsung SPH-WP10 The worlds first wrist watch mobile phone (1999) 19. Ericsson R380 The mobile that blazed the trail for the SmartPhone (2000) 20. Ericsson T36 the first mobile with blue-tooth (2000) 21. Samsung SCH-N300 with Verizon the first commercial A-GPS (2001) 22. Siemens SL45 the first mobile with MP3 player (2001) 23. berry 957 Internet edition the mobile that made a reality of push e-mail (2001) 24. Sharp J-SH04 first to discover the consumer love affair with the tv photographic camera phone (2001) 25.Matsushita P2101V Worlds First 3G Mobile Phone and use of 2100 MHz spectrum (2001) 26. Sharp Mova SH251iS The first 3-D screen on a mobile phone (2002) 27. Motorola Razr V3 (2004) Setting a tendency for thinness (2004) 28. Vertu Ascent Turning the mobile phone into a luxury item for the super-rich (2004) 29. Samsung MM-A700 Turning speech into text on the mobile phone (2004) 30. Neonode N1 First mobile with a finger swipe to unlock (2004) 31. Motorola C113a Making the mobile phone affordable to the worlds poorest (2005) 32. Nokia N92 The dream of mobile TV (2005) 3. Samsung B600 The worlds first 10 MP camera (2006) 34. BenQ S88 First mobile with OLED display (2006) 35. orchard apple tree i-phone igniting the smartphone and mobile data revolution (20 07 36. Samsung SCH-B710 First 3-D mobile phone Camera (2007) 37. The T-Mobile G1 Smartphone Arrival of the Google Android Operating System (2008) 38. Samsung SCH-r900 The worlds first LTE mobile (2010) 39. Samsung convey (I8520) The worlds first mobile with built-in projector (2010) 40. Nokia 808 Pureview A 41MP camera to advance camera phone picture quality (2012) 41.Sharp Pantone 5 107SH Worlds first mobile with built in radiation monitor (2012) The Smart Phone Era Android Android is an open source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and backed by Google, along with major hardware and package developers such as Intel, HTC and Samsung. That forms the undecided Handset Alliance. The first phone to use Android was the HTC Dream, branded for distribution by T-Mobile as the G1. The software included on the phone consists of integration with Googles applications, such as Google Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML blade browser service.Android supports the exe cution of native applications and a pre-emptive multitasking capacitance. Free and paid apps are available via Google Play, which launched in October 2008 as Android Market. In January 2010, Google launched the Nexus One Smartphone using its Android OS. Although Android has multi-touch abilities, Google initially removed that attribute from the Nexus One, but it was added through a firmware update on February 2, 2010. Phones such as the Samsung galax S III was so highly anticipated, sales hit 8 million within first weekend in 2012. iPhone/ iOS In 2007, Apple Inc. ntroduced the original iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was known for its use of a large touch screen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, this meaning a touch screen as its main form of use. rather of a stylus or keypad as typical for smart phones at the time. It initially lacked the capability to lay in some applications, meaning some did not regard it as a Smartphone. Adobe hit was one of its bigger issues. However in June 2007 Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party web 2. applications running in its web browser that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. A process called jail breaking emerged promptly to provide unofficial third-party applications to replace the built-in functions, otherwise known as cracking the phone. In July 2008, Apple introduced its second generation iPhone, iPhone 3G, with a much lower list price and 3G support. Simultaneously, the App Store was introduced which allowed any iPhone to install third party applications these were however both free and paid for, Over a Wi-Fi network, without requiring a computer for installation.Applications could be browsed through and downloaded directly from the iTunes software client. Featuring over 500 applications at launch date, the App Store was far-famed and became very popular, and achieved over one billion downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011. In June 2010, Apple introduced iOS 4, which was brought to you on the new iPhone, iPhone 4S, which included APIs to allow third-party applications to multitask with an improved display and back-facing camera, a front-facing camera for videoconferencing, and other new innovations.In early 2011 the iPhone 4 allowed the handsets 3G connection to be used as a wireless Wi-Fi becon or hotspot. The iPhone 4S was announced on October 4, 2011, improving upon the iPhone 4 with a dual core A5 processor, an 8 megapixel camera capable of recording 1080p video at 30 frames per second, higher phone capability allowing it to work on both GSM & CDMA networks, and the Siri automated voice assistant. Mobile Phones in everyday life Mobile phones are also known as lifesavers as they can help people in emergencies.If you get stuck in the midpoint of the road and find no one for help, you can just use a mobile phone and call for help or assistance. Mobile phones are a comfor table way of communicating over a long distances. Along with the obvious convenience and quick access to help in emergencies, mobile phones can be both economical and essential for travellers trying to stay connected to news from across seas. In Japan, mobile phone companies provide immediate notification of earthquakes and other natural disasters to their customers free of charge. In the event of an emergency, disaster response crews can locate trapped or njured people using the signals from their mobile phones or the small detonator of flare in the battery of every cell phone an synergistic menu accessible through the phones Internet browser notifies the company if the user is safe or in distress. We befuddle also have been downloading Java games and video clips to our mobile phones. Several online mobile phone shops have come up to cater the increase in demand for the best mobile phone handsets and ear pieces and the most reliable and cost-effective. Result Summary Historicall y there has been many significant development Innovations to mobile phones over time.Much of the recent Mobile phones have caused risk issues, which means the constant use of mobile phones can be very hazardous to the person. Yet with the sheer numbers of users with mobile phones is uncanny it shows us as a society cannot live without our mobile phones. By analysis we came to know that mobile phone have both positive and negative aspect. We cannot live without its help. We need them in each and every step so that we can perform our work much more easily. With the help of mobile phones we can also call whoever we wish and ask about last minute things.We may take pictures at anytime in courting we dont have a digital camera. We have the ability to communicate instantly in an emergency. If we have a good plan, we dont need a home phone. Cell phones are good to carry if you break down somewhere. New phones have calendars, and planners and alarms so you now you can stick out the ones a t home. Having mobile phone it can cause many problems. Mobile phones save our time but we should try to use the mobile in good things only not in grown one. It is one technology which has enhanced our lifestyle not overcome us.We should take benefits of several innovations of this technology in this globalized world. Mobile phone in a way is very demanding and is getting its place in the food market regularly no matter it changes its features, price and others. Conclusion/Recommendations There is no telling how cell phones will evolve over time, and how they will affect the early, but it is safe to say that they certainly will be changing. Over the past few years cell phones have evolved from something you simply call someone on, to now being almost like mini computers, with a large variety of capabilities.One idea that others have for the future of cell phones include having a super fast charge, with as little as a 10 second charge time. In conclusion mobile phones are easily a cceptable new trend and it plays a vital role for every individuals. 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