Cold War Essay - 976 Words

War is normally associated with destruction and death to end a conflict or some sort of disagreement but that is not always the case. After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union began a war that would span decades yet there would be no direct battle between the two nations. This time is called the Cold war because of its lack of battle between just the two nations. Even though it was never the soviets verse the Americans the Soviets often fought the Americans. What could have went so horribly wrong that two nations who at one point were fighting on the same side can suddenly disagree so violently that they aid others to fight each other? The reasons are many and in-depth but it all started at the end of World war II. When†¦show more content†¦The reason that the soviets were looking for backing was because with the US’s use of nuclear weapons there was no army that could match their sheer power. To try and even level the power struggle in 1945 the United Nations was started with the United States and the Soviet Union as two of the members of the permanent Security Council. With the US and the Soviets being allowed to veto anything that the UN decided it became a stagnant with each side vetoing the other sides ideas or anything that may help the other side. With nothing getting done in the UN the United States were looking for other ways to handle the Soviets. That is when George Kennan came into the picture with this idea of containment. Containment is stopping Soviet expansion with negotiations instead of force. The negotiations are backed by force by that is a last resort. In 1947 the containment policy was implemented. To futher push containment the United Sates was offering aid to countries that were destroyed by war and also met certain requirements. Western Europe agreed and took the aid while Eastern Europe refused the aid and its restrictions. For the first time Europe was definitely divided into two halves. Winston Churchill referred to the division as an â€Å"Iron Curtain† drawn down the middle of Europe. To strengthening Eastern Europe the Soviets planned to eliminate any noncommunist power from the area. The Czech Communists and the Chinese CommunistsShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The United States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. The se tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the globe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War consist of tensions between the Soviets and the U.S. vying for dominance, and expansion throughout the world. Their complete different ideologies and vision of the postwar prevented them from working together. Stalin wants to punish Germany and make them pay outrageous sum of money for reparation. However, Truman has a different plan than Stalin. Truman believes that industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout the world would ensure postwar stability. Stalin also wantedRead MoreThe Cold War1676 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical Context: The Cold War started by the end of the Second World War. The aim of this war was to spread opposing ideologies of Capitalism and Communism by the two world superpowers without the result of a hot war. The war was between the Capitalist West - namely: the United States of America, Britain and France – and Communist East – known to be Russia and all the satellite states which communism had taken over. An agreement made at the Yalta meeting of 1945 was that Germany would be dividedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War2020 Words   |  9 Pages How Did America, With the Help Of Ronald Reagan, Win The Cold War? 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With the impending insanity of the M.A.D. policies of the cold war cultivated a nationwide paranoia that was brought out in many films like Dr. Strange-Love. In 1967 Theodore J. Flicker wrote and produced The President s Analyst which presents theRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War2250 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the year 1945, there were quite a few reasons for the start of the Cold War. Hysteria was one of the major catalysts towards the start of the Cold War. Many American citizens shared the extensive fear of communist attacks against America, while the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) feared the same from the Americans. Another reason being that the United Stat es wouldn’t share their advances in the study of nuclear fission due to the USSR’s aim of spreading world communism. The USSRRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War began at the resolution of WWII and continued into the 1990’s. The Cold War was fueled by many factors such as ideological differences, mutual mistrust, America’s fear of the spread of communism, and nuclear weapons. The war ultimately resulted in the collapse of communism. The war was supported by allied nations although the main instigators of the war were Russia and the United States. A major short term factor that lead to the Cold War was USSR’s fear of America’s newly acquired

Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy an Action Guide

Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide Submitted in partial fulfillment of B.S. in Business Administration Century University, New Mexico Grade = 95% {A} Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide, by Robert Murdick, R. Carl Moor and Richard H. Eckhouse, attempts to tie together the broad policies and interrelationships that exist among the many functional areas which undergraduate students typically study. The authors intend the text to supplement the typical case book and/or computer simulations used in teaching business strategy (ix). Situational analysis is presented, as is a structure for developing strategy. Practicality and real world experience is combined with†¦show more content†¦The authors divide the environment into two distinct parts: remote and immediate. The remote environment consists of such aspects as: global economics, political factors, social and demographic features, technology and physical resources. The immediate environment comprises such areas as: customers and prospects, competitors, the labor pool, suppliers, creditors and government agencies (7). To those business managers who are of the opinion that they cannot forecast the future because they have problems in the present, the authors counter that by being mindful of what the future may hold, the managers can minimize their problems in the present. This chapter concludes with a discussion of opportunities and threats. Murdick, Moor and Eckhouse suggest that opportunities, like the environment itself, can be divided into immediate and long-term for the purpose of analysis. Immediate opportunities include new applications of existing products, new processes in manufacturing, and new and improved customer service (8). Threats that pose immediate problems may also pose extremely fragile environmental situations. Avoiding environmental threats requires long- term planning and anticipation of potential problems. Environmental threats may include competitors, changes in customer demand, legislation, inflation, recession and technological breakthroughs. In addition to opportuniti es and threats, which help managers attain long-term and short-term businessShow MoreRelatedBusiness Planning For Enduring Social Impact : A Social Entrepreneurial Approach1000 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Planning for Enduring Social Impact: A Social-Entrepreneurial Approach To Solving Social Problem A Book Report by Vergel John De Vera Amistad Introduction The book is entitled Business Planning for Enduring Social Impact: A Social-Entrepreneurial Approach to Solving Social Problem and is authored by the two well-known authors - Andrew Wolk Kelley Kreitz. 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Ethical Dilemma at Workplace for Normative Ethical Theories

Question: Discuss about theEthical Dilemma at Workplace for Normative Ethical Theories. Answer: Description Ethical dilemmas are situations in which one person has to choose between two given options, and he has to make the best choice, keeping his morals and thinking constant and correct. One of such ethical dilemma situation I faced when I was working as an intern in a big firm. My best friend Jo also joined with me. We were both working on a very important project together in the office. Our boss gave us different responsibilities. I was given the job of analysing the data, and Jo was given the work of collecting that data and making it available in such a format, that it will be easy to read and analyse. One day I was working late after the office hours and I needed some data. Since Jo was my best friend, I was aware of his passwords and in his absence,I thought to use the computer myself and transfer the required data. When I logged in the system, as I was scanning the folders, I saw that there was a document in which the intricate details about the company were there.(Auken 2016) Jo had addressed all the information to a local competitor and had charged hefty sum for the same. It was a situation of both personal and informational dilemma. On one side, I had my be st friend and on the other hand, I had my responsibility as an intern of the company. In addition, since I had logged in the system, without taking the permission of the intern, it was a situation of informational dilemma. I had worked against the information technology policy of the company. Thus, I was in a lot of confusion, and was not able to decide what I must do in such a dicey situation(Culiberg Miheli? 2016). After a lot of contemplation, I decided that even though Jo was my friend, what he was doing was very wrong. As an employee of the company I had my share of responsibility, I need to work in a professional manner, and anything that might harm the company, should be forwarded to the management. Therefore, I downloaded all the details, from Jo computer and mailed the same to my senior. I also called up Jo, to confront him on the same. He was shocked and was not ready to agree that he had done something like this. I was accused to using someone else system without their system and duping their documents. When the management conducted a research into the matter, they became aware about the seriousness of the situation. Jo was fired from his job, and he even stopped talking to me for some time, but later he realised his mistake and now we are friends. As for me, I was praised by the management for my work, they appreciated the fact that I did not care about my personal relations and kept the company before everything. At the end of the day, I was happy about my decision, because in things where my morality is involved, I place my morals before anything. Even though Jo was my friend, but whatever he was doing was very wrong and hence as a part of the company ,as a professional., it was important that I maintained my integrity and skepticm while taking important decisions in life and on professional front(Nayak 2016). Analysis The above incident has been analysed based on various theories that helps in conducting proper synopsis of a given ethical situation dilemma. The three theories that have been applied are Utilitarianism It is one of the most primitive theories in this regard. The underlying thought in this theory to take decisions so that the utility is maximum. It takes into consideration the overall pleasures that a person derives from a particular decision, ignoring any kind of pain that might be involved in the same. While applying the same in context of the above situation, Jo was my friend so there was the personal affection at stake and on the other hand the reputation of the company and the responsibility as a professional. As per this theory, the decision should be such that the utility is maximum; and the decision that was taken to inform the management involved maximum satisfaction, because not only the reputation of the company was saved. I was able to build a good image of a sensible professional. If friendship was given more importance, the utility would not be maximum and the overall pain involved would be more(Piacquadio 2017). Deontology theory As per this theory, the decisions that a person take should be based on a code of conduct based on the duty that was assigned to him. In this case, working as a professional, there is a responsibility to be true to the organisation before anyone else. It is important that the action should be given importance and not the result. Informing the management was the action and not caring about the information technology norms was the result that as a professional should be ignored. It is also important that the code of duty must be followed; hence, the decision to inform the management was right as per the above theory(Lefkowitz 2017). Virtue Ethics In case of theory of virtual ethics, character and mind are given more importance. The morality of the person is the deciding factor and not the rules, regulations or any duty. On applying the theory in the given case, we see that the main importance of morality is sustained. If the professional is thinking with his mind over his heart and is given importance to his job and company for its betterment, he is ethically correct. However, somewhere the friendship and the fact that he used someone else system without their permission is wrong and that is where the moral dilemma ticks in. It is important that the virtues of the mind and the character are coordinated with the decisions made that leads to maximum profit.(Annas 2016) Reflection On contemplation of the decision based on the three theories, it can be said while applying the first theory, the decision holds good. The main aim is to maximise the utility and that is achieved. It is win-win situation because the company is also impressed and the professionalism is maintained. The decision is correct and made me happy, but still there is no win-win situation because I am losing on a friend. On Applying the second theory that is deontology theory where the decisions should be based on the code of conduct as per the duty assigned. The decision is coordinated with the same, because as a professional it is important that any harm to the company must be stopped, the management must be informed so that decisions pertaining to the same can be taken. So I was the most happiest with my decision with regard to this theory. I was most unhappy with my decision based on the third theory where the importance was to be given to the virtue and character and not the duty. I know that the decision that I took was correct but it was based more on my code of conduct being a part of the company and less on the person who shares an intimate bond with the person in question. However, if I was ever in the same situation, I will take the exactly same decision based on my thinking and approach. Bibliography Annas, J 2016, Which Variety of Virtue Ethics? Auken, SV 2016, 'Assessing the role of business faculty values and background in the recognition of an ethical dilemma', Journal of Education for Business, vol 91, no. 4, pp. 211-218. Culiberg, B Miheli?, KK 2016, 'Three ethical frames of reference: insights into Millennials' ethical judgements and intentions in the workplace', Business Ethics, vol 25, no. 1, pp. 94-111. Lefkowitz, J 2017, Ethics and Values in Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Second Edition, 2nd edn, Routledge, NY. Nayak, SV 2016, 'Ethical Dilemma at Workplace - A Case Study', DHARANA - Bhavan's International Journal of Business, vol 10, no. 2. Piacquadio, PG 2017, 'A Fairness Justification of Utilitarianism', Econometrica, vol 85, no. 4, pp. 1261-1276.

Rap takes a bum rap free essay sample

The main point of the article Rap Takes a Bum Rap is to convey the positive message of rap songs in this society. As Herschel mentioned, this music has been the blame for almost every problem thats been happening around us throughout the years. However, like any other form of entertainment, this is an art of expressing of oneself. Guru, a rapper, says Rap is musical, cultural, expression based on reality. For people who creates this type of music, its something they draw from within and their experiences.Indeed, its inundation is based in creativity and innovation. As it became popular, it separately formed into gangs rap and hip hop. Although both represent different style and message, still the positive influence it brings is what truly matters. There are also rap artists such as the Disable Planets, and the Approached that tell stories in their music in a way it gives optimism and hopeful messages to the listeners. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap takes a bum rap or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, there are still rap music that is said to be violent and riotous. They say that these kids look up to them as their role model.The truth is, it has existed in the streets before the rap had begun. The judgment toward the violence of rap music is overrated, not even giving too much attention to other forms of violence in cinema and televisions. For instance, the violent scene in Reservoir Dogs movie where it shows a cop is being tortured. Still, some people think its an acceptable form of violence that rides the audiences emotions. In contrast to the rap artist that has a song titled as cop killer where he was forced arrest to remove the song from the album.Furthermore, looking at the bigger picture, both have nothing to differ at all. Both have demonstrated some act of aggression, but still rap music receives more unreasonable judgment. Rap music is the reflection of the real life. It is said to be violent because it portrays the struggle in the inner cities. It tells a story that deserves some attention. As well as, some kind of release of emotions of the artists. If we started listening without any mix of misjudgment, we started learning to appreciate the song behind the violence.

The Boston Massacre Hero, Crispus Attucks

The Boston Massacre Hero, Crispus Attucks The first person to die in the Boston Massacre was an African-American sailor named Crispus Attucks. Not much is known about Crispus Attucks prior to his death in 1770, but his actions that day became a source of inspiration for both white and black Americans for years to come. Attucks in Slavery Attucks was born around 1723; his father was an African slave in Boston, and his mother was a Natick Indian. His life up until he was 27 years old is a mystery, but in 1750 Deacon William Brown of Framingham, Mass., placed a notice in the Boston Gazette that his slave, Attucks, had run away. Brown offered a reward of 10 pounds as well as reimbursement for any incurred expenses to anyone who caught Attucks. The Boston Massacre No one captured Attucks, and by 1770 he was working as a sailor on a whaling ship. On March 5, he was having lunch near Boston Common along with other sailors from his ship, waiting for good weather so they could set sail. When he heard a commotion outside, Attucks went to investigate, discovering a crowd of Americans clustered near the British garrison. The crowd had gathered after a barbers apprentice accused a British soldier of not paying for a haircut. The soldier struck the boy in anger, and a number of Bostonians, seeing the incident, gathered and shouted at the soldier. Other British soldiers joined their comrade, and they stood as the crowd grew larger. Attucks joined the crowd. He took leadership of the group, and they followed him to the custom house. There, the American colonists began throwing snowballs at the soldiers guarding the customs house. The accounts of what happened next differed. A witness for the defense testified at the trials of Captain Thomas Preston and eight other British soldiers that Attucks picked up a stick and swung it at the captain and then a second soldier. The defense laid the blame for the actions of the crowd at Attucks feet, painting him as a troublemaker who incited the mob. This may have been an early form of race-baiting as other witnesses refuted this version of events. However much they were provoked, the British soldiers opened fire on the crowd that had gathered, killing Attucks first and then four others. At the trial of Preston and other soldiers, witnesses differed on whether Preston had given the order to fire or whether a lone soldier had discharged his gun, prompting his fellow soldiers to open fire. The Legacy of Attucks Attucks became a hero to the colonials during the American Revolution; they saw him as gallantly standing up to abusive British soldiers. And it is entirely possible that Attucks decided to join the crowd to take a stand against perceived British tyranny. As a sailor in the 1760s, he would have been aware of the British practice of impressing (or forcing) American colonial sailors into the service of the British navy. This practice, among others, exacerbated tensions between v and the British. Attucks also became a hero to African-Americans. In the mid-nineteenth century, African-American Bostonians celebrated Crispus Attucks Day every year on March 5. They created the holiday to remind Americans of Attucks sacrifice after blacks were declared non-citizens in the (1857)Â  Supreme Court decision. In 1888, the city of Boston erected a memorial to Attucks in Boston Common. Attucks was seen as someone who had martyred himself for American independence, even as he himself had been born into the oppressive system of American slavery. Sources Langguth, A. J. Patriots: The Men Who Started the American Revolution. New York: Simon Schuster, 1989.Lanning, Michael Lee. The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Seacus, NJ: Citadel Press, 2004.Thomas, Richard W. Life for Us Is What We Make It: Building Black Community in Detroit, 1915-1945. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.

The Story of Jessie Redmon Fauset

The Story of Jessie Redmon Fauset Jessie Redmon Fauset was born the seventh child of Annie Seamon Fauset and Redmon Fauset, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal church. Jessie Fauset graduated from the High School for Girls in Philadelphia, the only African American student there. She applied to Bryn Mawr, but that school instead of admitting her helped her to enroll at Cornell University, where she may have been the first black woman student. She graduated from Cornell in 1905, with a Phi Beta Kappa honor. Early Career She taught Latin and French for one year at Douglass High School in Baltimore and then taught, until 1919, in Washington, DC, at what became, after 1916, Dunbar High School. While teaching, she earned her M.A. in French from the University of Pennsylvania.  She also began to contribute writings to Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP. She later received a degree from the Sorbonne. Literary Editor of the Crisis Fauset served as literary editor of the  Crisis from 1919 to 1926. For this job, she moved to New York City. She worked with W.E.B. DuBois, both at the magazine and in his work with the Pan African Movement. She also traveled and lectured extensively, including overseas, during her tenure with the  Crisis.  Her apartment in Harlem, where she lived with her sister, became a gathering place for the circle of intellectuals and artists associated with Crisis. Jessie Fauset wrote many of the articles, stories, and poems in the  Crisis  herself, and also promoted such writers as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, and Jean Toomer. Her role in discovering, promoting, and giving a platform to African American writers helped to create an authentic black voice in American literature. From 1920 to 1921, Fauset published  The Brownies Book, a periodical for African American children. Her 1925 essay, â€Å"The Gift of Laughter,† is a classic literary piece, analyzing how American drama used black characters in roles as comics. Writing Novels She and other women writers were inspired to publish novels about experiences like their own when a white male novelist, T.S. Stribling, published Birthright in 1922, a fictional account of an educated mixed-race woman. Jessie Faucet published four novels, the most of any writer during the Harlem Renaissance:  There Is Confusion  (1924),  Plum Bun  (1929),  The Chinaberry Tree  (1931), and  Comedy: American Style  (1933).  Each of these focuses on black professionals and their families, facing American racism and living their rather non-stereotypical lives. After theCrisis When she left the  Crisis in 1926, Jessie Fauset attempted to find another position in publishing but found that racial prejudice was too great a barrier. She taught French in New York City, at DeWitt Clinton High School from 1927 to 1944, continuing to write and publish her novels. In 1929, Jessie Fauset married an insurance broker and World War I veteran, Herbert Harris. They lived with Fausets sister in Harlem until 1936 and moved to New Jersey in the 1940s. In 1949, she briefly served as a visiting professor at Hampton Institute and taught for a short time at Tuskegee Institute. After Harris died in 1958, Jessie Fauset moved to her half-brothers home in Philadelphia where she died in 1961. Literary Legacy Jessie Redmon Fausets writings were revived and republished in the 1960s and 1970s, though some preferred writings about African Americans in poverty rather than Fauset’s depictions of an elite.  By the 1980s and 1990s, feminists had refocused attention on Fauset’s writings. A 1945 painting of Jessie Redmon Fauset, painted by Laura Wheeler Waring, hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Background, Family: Mother: Annie Seamon Fauset Father: Redmon Fauset Siblings: six older siblings Education: High School for Girls in PhiladelphiaCornell UniversityUniversity of Pennsylvania (French)Sorbonne in Paris Marriage, Children: Husband: Herbert Harris (married 1929; insurance broker)

Crusiate Ligaments Sprain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crusiate Ligaments Sprain - Essay Example However, in complex sprains a large segment of the fibres are torn and the ends of the ligament may have separated from each other. This would result in immense pain as well as instability of the joint and it may require surgical treatment. Rouzier indicates that sprains may be graded according to their severity: According to the Chester Knee Clinic, the knee is a well exposed structure that consists of two joints and made up of three bones namely, the femur, tibia and the patella. They further go on to describe its anatomy in greater detail: The tibio-femoral joint has medial and lateral compartments. The medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with the medial and lateral tibial plateaus. The patella covers the front of the knee. The patello-femoral joint is the articulation of the patella with the femoral trochlea. All joint surfaces are covered with hyaline articular cartilage. This anatomy of the knee joint offers no real support to the joint's stability. Thus, ligaments are essential in regulating the movement of the knee joint and maintaining its stability. Various stabilizing configurations are brought into play as the knee moves through its full range of motion, giving dynamic stability to the joint (Smith and Moran 1). Avery describes the knee joint as consisting of four essential ligaments that aid in its stabilization. The sides of the joint consist of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments which aid in the side-to-side stability of the joint. In the front of the joint is the anterior crusiate ligament (ACL) which serves to prevent the tibia from sliding forward and rotating during various agile activities such as jumping. Opposite to the ACL is the posterior crusiate ligament (PCL) which prevents the tibia from sliding back. The crusiate ligaments regulate movement as the centre of rotation changes during movement. The presence of the menisci is another important feature for not only do they act as shock absorbers, but they also aid in weight distribution (ehealthMD 1). Incidentally, the crossing of the ACL and PCL in the centre of the knee is what gives rise to the term "crusiate". Representations of these structures courtesy of the Journal of the American Medical Association are as seen in Figures 1 and 2 below. Figure 1: Anatomy of the Right Knee Figure 2: Anatomy of the right knee with ligaments cut. Knee Biomechanics As Elliot explains, clinical biomechanics refers to the research conducted on the actions of walking, tissue mechanics, neuromuscular control and the evaluation of movement when an individual is undergoing rehabilitation when recovering from disease or injury (1). The Chester Knee Clinic provides a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanics of the knee. The bones of the knee joint, unlike the hip joint, are not a close fit to one another. This variation allows for a wider range of motion to occur in order for an individual to carry out daily activities. However, this range of motion is still limited in its inherited stability due to the bony structure of the joint. According to the KneeDoc, "the lack

Gaz de France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gaz de France - Essay Example The interest rate also plays an important role. The prevalent interest of FF against USD will influence FF-USD forward exchange rate. The government budget also plays a role in the exchange market; a deficit in the budget increases foreign currency demand. Among listed parameters; account balance, foreign exchange reserves and government budget are considered as the core parameters. the period from 1980 to the 1st quarter of 1986. Both account balance, and foreign reserves decreased during years from 1980 to 1982. It would depreciate FF against USD, which is also confirmed by the increase in the deficit of the government budget. During the years from 1982 through 1985, an increase in the current account and foreign reserves were observed; however, the budget deficit during the same time kept increasing. This trend would further depreciate the French Franc. Budget deficit considerably decreased in the 1st quarter of 1986 with respect to 1985; this will appreciate the Franc. A combined analysis of trend of account balance, foreign reserve and budget deficit explains that depreciation rate will be substantial during the years from 1980 through 1984, which will slow down in 1985 demonstrating further appreciation of FF in the subsequent year with respect to the previous years. The exchange rate between two currencies is influenced by various parameters. This assignment has selected three parameters; current account, foreign exchange reserves and government budget. The set forth above section presented a forecast of the behavior of the FF-USD exchange rate. The attached graph displays the movement of the real exchange rate for years from 1980 to the 1st quarter of 1986, which confirms the forecasted behavior. The FF depreciated from 1980 to 1982 because all three parameters; budget, balance and reserve show decrease in values from 1980 through 1982. The current balance and reserves showed an in increase from 1982 to 1985, but the budget deficit showed

Check List for Project Finance Essay Example for Free

Check List for Project Finance Essay 1. Brief description of every project sponsor: company history, establishment date, legal form, ownership, subsidiaries, core activities. Data on sponsor’s experience in the host country and in the project’s industry. Explanation of how the project relates to the sponsor’s strategic direction/goals. 2. Annual reports of the past three years for every project sponsor. Additional requirements in the case of project finance for activities in existing plants: detailed structured data for the past three years and budgets for the next five years on revenues (including a breakdown of export versus domestic foreign currency revenues if any, for countries with non-convertible currency; revenue mix by customer, country, and product) and expenses (in detail; in the case of non-convertible currencies, these need to be grouped separately). 3. Summary of the project concerned, including name, location, purpose, organisational form, ownership, equity, security structure, status of licenses/approvals, local partners, marketing and distribution, financing. 4. Brief characterisation of the role of the host country. For projects with currencies that are not completely freely convertible: description of the measures to avoid convertibility and transfer risk (including escrow accounts). 5. Schematic representation of the contract structure and the significant existing or intended contractual relationships and security. 6.List of references of the general contractor and/or most important suppliers as far as known; list of references of comparable projects to document the proven technological feasibility and the experience in the sector and host country. 7.Information on operator/management company: Company history, ownership, core activities, list of references, documentation of relevant experience in industry and host country. 8.Independent feasibility study reporting on the project’s economic and financial viability and political and environmental acceptability. Information on the level of expertise of the advisers/experts used in terms of subject area and geographic region, as it relates to the project (list of references). 9.The following information, if not already included in the feasibility study: a) Technical description, flow sheet, layout b) Detailed derivation of estimated operating costs (price and quantity details) c)Procurement situation for raw materials and supplies, including corresponding contract documents d) Description of the management, training of staff, staff costs and qualifications e) Environmental aspects, environmental impact assessment report, required environmental approvals and environmental measures, general description of location and emphasis on its specific relevant features, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects. Also see our detailed requirements for the environmental review. f) Discussion of the amounts and appropriateness of the investment value and the risks regarding time and cost overruns. g) Timetable for construction and commissioning, milestones h) Market information on the project’s products/services, including the price and volume trends for the past 5 to 10 years; competitive situation, current and future supply and demand situation; forecast, identification and geographic location of main customers; marketing and logistics strategy; description of the planned marketing activities and off-take agreements (e.g. take-or-pay agreements) i) Detailed project costs, broken down by main categories of the key construction and commissioning cost items, interest over construction period, financing of working capital j) Projected procurement of funds, including source, amount, currency, time of input k) Cash flow projection over the repayment term of the requested export-credit-insured loan (including sensitivity analysis: a realistic base scenario, an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario), explanation of how any cash deficits will be covered l) Derivation and assumptions of the cash flow projection, including basis for sales quantity and prices, operating and administrative expenses, depreciation, amortization and impairment losses, taxes, inflation, exchange rate movements, export licenses, influence of local government.

A Look Into Psychoanalysis Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalysis had its beginning with the discovery that a person in complete physical health could experience an illness with physical symptoms that stemmed from things trapped in the subconscious known as hysteria. Charcot, a French neurologist tried to liberate the mind through hypnosis. A Viennese physician, Josef Breuer, carried this purging further with a process based on his patient, Anna O., revealing her thoughts and feelings to him. Sigmund Freud took Breuer’s method and made generalizations that grew into conceptualizations and eventually into the theories of psychoanalysis. Freud would listen to his patients, and then use these thoughts to interpret what was happening in the unconscious part of their mind. This was explained as bringing the unconscious to consciousness so it could be dealt with through therapy. Breuer and Freud’s successes with this method led to the foundational publication of Studies in Hysteria in 1895. Freud continued his practice of theory until it became the system of psychology known as psychoanalysis, a system that is the single most influential theory of psychotherapy in our time. A brief look into psychoanalysis is seen through the foundations of Freud’s theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud began with his study of the three forces of the psyche: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the unconscious and contains most things inherited and the all-encompassing instincts. The ego is the conscious and must control the ever-demanding id by serving as its link to the external world. The ego is a regulator and responds to a stimulus by adapting or fleeing, regulating, and seeking pleasure while avoiding displeasure. The superego is actually managed by the id. It carries the responsibility of the limitation of satisfactions and the representation of other persons’ influence, especially the influence of parents, teachers, and other role models. It also represents the impact of racial, cultural, and societal traditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The instincts, which are mostly a part of the id, are the cause of every human behavior. Behavior is further made up of two basic instincts that are Eros (love) and Death (destructive and aggressive). Eros is responsible for establishing and preserving the unity of relationships. The Death or destructive instinct carries the purpose of un... ...ll human failings and foibles can be looked at, talked about, and finally resolved. Typically, an analysis lasts for a few years, with four to five sessions per week of about 45 minutes each. In this way the psychoneuroses and the narcissistic personality disorders can be treated successfully in a majority of patients. Serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, and the psychoses caused by organ malfunctioning of the brain cannot be cured by psychoanalytic treatment, though the patient can often benefit from psycho-pharmacological treatment – sedatives, tranquilizers, anti-depressants-- in combinations with psychotherapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The longevity of success using psychoanalysis becomes a testimony to Freud’s in-depth study of the human mind. His forty plus years of work in the field were spent on the development of the main principles of psychoanalysis along with the techniques and methods used by the analyst. His work was furthered by his daughter and later adopted then adapted by Erikson. What seemed so revolutionary in the 1890’s and beyond has now become widely accepted by most all schools of psychological thought and its study.

African American Musuem Essay

The African Museum in Philadelphia is notable as the first museum funded and built by a municipality to help preserve, interpret and exhibit the heritage of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations, the AAMP is located in historic Philadelphia, a few blocks away from the Liberty Bell. Charles H. Wesley was a noted African American historian, educator, and author. He was the fourth African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard University. An ordained minister, Wesley’s distinguished career included 40 years of leadership with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he served as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, now known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia. Programs The African American Museum that is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has some interesting education programs. These education programs focus on arts, culture, and heritage education. They place a major emphasis on the interests of the students, educators, artists, historians, scholars, and community organizations. These programs offer diversity with scheduling. The programs explore various African forms of cultural expressions. In these programs there are literary performances, hands on demonstrations, workshops, and storytelling performances as well. The African American Museum in Philadelphia feels its programs can be a vital link between the permanent and visiting collections for the many communities they serve. Exhibitions The exhibitions in the African American Museum in Philadelphia can some to be pleasing to the eye and stimulating to the mind. According to the African American Museum of Philadelphia these exhibitions invoke a deep collection of emotion ranging from pride and passion to excitement and enthusiasm. When visitors enter the museum they will come to Gallery 1, which includes a interactive timeline, images draw from historical record, that spans 100 years of history. In Gallery 2 there are full size video projections in which visitors can in engage in them. Once they are activated, a monologue about life in Philadelphia will begin. Some other aspects of the exhibit include an experience where you can walk the streets of Philadelphia through a large scale map, which is located between galleries 1 and 2 .

Couse Outlie

Assumption University Martin de Tours School of Management Department of Management SYLLABUS SEMESTER 2/2011 Martin de Tours School of Management’s Vision To be the leading international business school in the ASEAN region providing high quality business education to enable graduates to make invaluable contributions to organizations and society. Martin de Tours School of Management’s Mission To shape our students into independent-minded graduates who are well-versed in business, able to communicate effectively, tech savvy, innovative, and ethical to successfully face global challenges.COURSE TITLE MGT3907 Business Communication Summer semester – MGT3907 is offered only in the evening program, NOT in the day program. BG2001 English IV A. Mingmada ([email  protected] com) Course Coordinator PRE-REQUISITES LECTURERS Day Program Evening Program OFFICE & CONTACT COURSE DESCRIPTION A. Tipnuch ([email  protected] edu ) A. Vrinporn ([email  protected] com) A. Polth ep ( p. [email  protected] com) A. Dilaka ( [email  protected] om) th MSM 4 Floor Development of written, oral, technical, and interpersonal skills for effective communication in the business world with emphasis on well-written business documents for diverse purposes; understanding of group and cross-cultural communication determinants for individual or organizational success; effective visual and oral presentation; and essential competence in some communication technologies widely used in business today. MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 1 of 11 Upon completion of MGT3907, the student should have 1. . Theoretical and applied knowledge of the purposes, formats, patterns, and media of modern business communication; 1. 2. The ability to compose business memos and letters for informative, positive, negative, and persuasive messages; 1. 3. Preparation for job interviews and searches; 1. 4. The ability to plan, research, compose, and present a short report; 1. 5. Skill in the tech nology currently used in business communication, including word processing and presentation software, e-mail, and the Internet; 1. 6.The ability to identify potential barriers to communication and apply techniques to overcome them; 1. 7. Appreciation of the value of diversity in meeting communication objectives; 1. 8. The ability to write effective formal and informal business documents of various kinds throughout a business career; 1. 9. An awareness of the importance of using correct grammar and punctuation in business writing. †¢ REQUIRED TEXT †¢ †¢ †¢ CLASS ATTENDANCE Locker, Kitty O. , and Donna S. Kienzler. Business and Administrative Communication. 9th ed. New York: McGrawHill/Irwin, 2010. http://lms2. u. edu 6 absents maximum (including both discussion and lecture classes) A student absent 7 or more times including lates, will not be allowed to take the final exam, according to University policy and the regulation of the Thailand Commission on Higher Educ ation. Here is the official policy: COURSE OBJECTIVES MARK ALLOCATION: Assignment/ Class work/Participation Quiz Proposal, presentation, short report Midterm examination Final examination TOTAL Penalty Marks 1. No submission to Report Copying Check 2. Presentation Quality Survey 10 5 15 20 50 100% Marks -50 -20Penalty marks will be subtracted from your total Assignments marks until that total reaches zero. EXAMINATION SCHEDULE: is not given here as it may change after this Course Outline is distributed. Students must check with Registration or look it up online with AuNet. MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 2 of 11 CLASS RULES Cheating Policy If any students or a group of students will be caught copying, partial/entire project or hire outside or inside person to do their works, the faculty consider such act as a serious matter which will automatically result in ‘F’ grade for an entire group.Changing section Students are neither allowed to study in other section they h ave not enrolled for, nor do the project with their friends in other sections. The lecturer does not have any authority to allow his/her students to switch section without proper authorization from the registrar. Dress code regulations for class: Wear proper attire Students wearing the following items will not be allowed to check their class attendance: †¢ Trousers and skirts made of jeans, corduroy, or velvet materials, or made in â€Å"jeans design. † †¢ Shirts / blouses in which the edges are not tucked inside trousers or skirts. Slippers. OTHER MATTERS Website (will be announced in class) LMS is our class website with †¢ PowerPoint and handout downloads, †¢ Announcements, etc. Email procedures 1. Email address – Each student must provide a valid, reliable email address to the lecturer and must check it daily for messages related to the course. 2. Email attachments should not be sent to the lecturer unless by the lecturer’s special request . Normally lecturers do not have time to save, scan for viruses, and open attachments, so email containing attachments will be rejected or discarded.Emailed assignments should be pasted into the body text of the email message. 3. Email subject header – Email to the course lecturer should always use the following email subject header format: Student ID#, Section #, Subject; for example, â€Å"4514444, 432, Assignment #1 [or Short Report, or Question about . . . , etc. ]. † Wrong: I. D. 4514444, [start with the number] Wrong: Assignment 1, 451444 [start with the number] Wrong: Somchai, 451444 [start with the number] Wrong: u4514444, [no ‘u’; check your ID card] Wrong: 451-4444, [no yphen; check your ID card] Wrong: 4514444, sec 444, [no â€Å"sec† or â€Å"section†] Right: 4514444, 432, Assignment #1 [or whatever] Copying an assignment from someone else and presenting it as one’s own is strictly forbidden. Neither the copied assignment n or the original will be accepted and neither can be revised. Unless instructed otherwise, always assume that assignments are individual, not group. Students should be very careful about showing their work to â€Å"friends†. MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 3 of 11Disturbing the class by socializing with classmates, making noise, or talking on a mobile phone while the lecturer is speaking will invite penalties such as being counted late or absent, being ejected from the classroom, having ID cards confiscated, or having marks subtracted from the final grade average. Students who do wish to learn must have the opportunity to do so to their best ability in an atmosphere conducive to learning. Late exam – The Coordinator of MGT3907 must be officially notified by the Department of Management in advance of the need for a late exam for any student.A student needing a late exam must first submit a petition with evidence at Registration. Later, if a late exam is approved by a committee, Registration will notify the student. The student should then check with the MGT3907 Coordinator to be sure that the Coordinator has also been officially notified by the Department of Management. Mobile phones must be turned off before their owners enter the classroom, and they must remain off and put away for the duration of the class—except during toilet visits, when they must be given to the lecturer.A lecturer’s mobile phone may remain on, however, for possible University business. A student caught using a mobile phone during class time will be, at minimum, counted late but may be counted absent with ID card confiscation. Plagiarism (copying the words or ideas of another writer without giving credit to the other writer) is forbidden and will be penalized severely. Preparation must be done before every class, which means reading over the relevant section of the textbook to be discussed and doing any assigned homework.Presentation Quality Survey – Discussion lecturers will assign you, or your group, to evaluate the short report presentations by the members of another group. The survey form is attached to the last page of this Course Outline Report copying check – the short report, due towards the end of the semester, will be submitted to your discussion teacher, but also must be emailed to [email  protected] com. Dress code regulations for examination: Wear full uniform Students are obligated to wear the University’s full uniform as stipulated in the University’s dress code regulations to take examinations.Failure to comply with the regulation will result in students not being allowed to appear for examinations, and subsequently, the student receiving â€Å"0† marks for the examination. To be eligible to appear for exams, students are required to wear full uniform: †¢ Male students must wear black/dark blue trousers, white button/collared shirt, black shoes, University neck-tie and belt buc kle. †¢ Female students must wear black/dark blue skirt, white button/collared shirt, clack shoes, and University buttons, pin, and belt buckle.Note: The students will not be admitted to the final exam later than 10 minutes after the exam starts. MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 4 of 11 COURSE CONTENTS AND TENTATIVE SCHEDULE MGT3907 COURSE SCHEDULE WEEK 1 (for week dates, see calendar following the schedule) LECTURE CLASS DISCUSSION CLASS Introduction to MGT3907, course outline, and resources, notably MGT3907 – LMS website http://lms2. au. edu Chapter 1: Succeeding in Business Communication Appendix A: Formats for Letters, Memos, and E-Mail Messages. Homework: Download hyperlinked Course Outline . df file AND the Powerpoints and handout package from LMS Each lecturer may omit, select, add, or modify the classwork or homework assignments as needed, for example, to discourage copying. The lecturer will specify how to submit each assignment, by paper or by email. If by email, students must follow the correct email procedure to receive credit. †¢ Self-introduction by Icebreaker methods. †¢ Break up into groups, discussion topic assigned. †¢ Discussion to share ideas. †¢ Assignment: write a memo individually based on group discussion and submit to the instructor In-class. Homework: Exercise 1. 10 Topics †¢ Kinds of audiences, needs, attitudes †¢ Group analysis of a particular audience †¢ Adapting messages for audiences 2 Chapter 2: Adapting Your Message to Your Audience. Appendix A: letter, memo, and email formats. Homework: Adding students: do homework from Week 1. 3 Chapter 5: Communicating Across Cultures. Homework: Adding students: do homework from Weeks 1 – 2. †¢ Discussion: â€Å"How Does Culture Affect Business Communication? † †¢ Discussion: Exercise 5. 2 – Identifying Sources of Miscommunication (group work) †¢ Homework: Exercise 5. 2 or 5. 8MGT3907 Course Outline â€⠀œ Page 5 of 11 4 Chapter 3: Building Goodwill Homework: Adding students: do homework from Weeks 1 – 2. Chapter 7: Planning, Composing, and Revising. Appendix B: Writing Correctly. †¢ Discussion: â€Å"Putting Yourself in the Other Person’s Shoes† †¢ Assignment/Homework: Exercise 3. 4 or 3. 13 Improving readability †¢ Connotation vs. denotation †¢ Active vs. passive †¢ Strong verbs †¢ Parallel structure †¢ Activity – work in groups on exercise 7. 11, 7. 15 The composing process †¢ Planning †¢ Writing †¢ Revising †¢ Editing †¢ Proofreading †¢ Activity – Exercise 7. 3 5 6Chapter 14: Informative and Positive Messages. Midterm Exam prep and resources The Midterm Exam covers through Week 7: Chapters 1, 2, 5, 3, 7, 14, 15 7 Homework: review Midterm Exam description in the Handouts Package. Chapter 15: Negative Messages †¢ Discussion of informative and positive messages. †¢ Checkli st for informative and positive messages, p. 419 †¢ Activity – using checklist to evaluate emails in Exercise 14. 4 †¢ Homework: Exercise 14. 8 or 14. 10 as lecturer directs. 8 Chapter 17: Planning and Researching Reports. Chapter 18: Writing Proposals and Progress Reports Overview of short report Checklist for Negative Messages, p. 456 †¢ Role Play on â€Å"Giving Bad News to Peers and Subordinates† †¢ Assignment: Exercise 15. 3 – Letters for Discussion – Credit Refusal (work in group, write up and discuss) †¢ Specifics of short report assignment: proposal, report, presentation †¢ Discussion: Exercise 17. 9, Evaluating Survey Questions MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 6 of 11 assignment. Homework: Locate and review documents for the short report assignment in the handouts package. Chapter 16: Crafting Persuasive Messages †¢ Homework: A proposal for your short report 10 Chapter 6: Working and Writing in Teams. 11 Cha pter 8: Designing Documents Chapter 9: Creating Visuals and Data Displays 12 Chapter 10: Making Oral Presentations. Powerpoints. †¢ Checklist for Direct Requests, p. 506 †¢ Checklist for ProblemSolving Persuasive Messages, p. 508 Assignment: Exercise 16. 6 – Choosing a Persuasive Approach †¢ Listening skills, roles in groups, decision-making, successful groups and meetings †¢ Discussion: short report proposals †¢ Discussion/homework: Exercise 6. 10 or 6. 15 †¢ Homework: begin working on short report. Importance, levels, guidelines, of document design †¢ Visuals, brochures, web pages †¢ Discussion: Exercise 9. 6 Interpreting Data (Choose one data set only. ) †¢ Homework: Continue work on short report. †¢ Planning effective presentations †¢ Selecting and organizing information †¢ Delivering effective presentations †¢ Handling questions during presentations †¢ Activity: Exercise 10. 2 Analyzing Openers And Clo sers †¢ Homework: Continue work on short report; some groups prepare to submit and present. †¢ Homework: Bring MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 7 of 11 Presentation Quality Survey form to next class. 3 Chapter 11: Building Resumes Chapter 12: Writing Job Application Letters Homework: 1. Presentation Quality Survey 2. Submission of report to Report Copying Check (follow procedures) [email  protected] com All submissions for the Survey and Report Copying must be received by the final exam date. Penalty marks apply to 1 and 2. Class presentations †¢ Activity: Presentation Quality Survey †¢ Homework due: Final short report due with 5minute oral presentation †¢ Homework: Submit report to Report Copying Check; Don’t forget ALL the ID numbers! No attachments. Homework: Bring Presentation Quality Survey form to next class. 14 Chapter 13: Interviewing For A Job. Chapter 4: Navigating The Business Communication Environment Class presentations †¢ Acti vity: Presentation Quality Survey †¢ Homework due: Final short report due with 5minute oral presentation The Final Exam is cumulative but mainly covers Weeks 8-15: Chapters 17, 18, 16, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 4 Homework: 3. Presentation Quality Survey 4. Submission of report to Report Copying Check (follow procedures) All submissions for the Survey and Report Copying must be received by the final exam date.MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 8 of 11 Week Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Start 25 Oct 31 Oct 7 Nov 14 Nov 21 Nov 28 Nov 5 Dec 12 Dec 19 Dec 16 Jan 23 Jan 30 Jan 6 Feb 13 Feb End 28 Oct 4 Nov 11 Nov 18 Nov 25 Nov 2 Dec 9 Dec 16 Dec 23 Dec 20 Jan 27 Jan 3 Feb 10 Feb 17 Feb Inclusive 25-28 Oct 30 Oct-4 Nov 7-11 Nov 14-18 Nov 21-25 Nov 28 Nov-2 Dec 5-9 Dec 12-16 Dec 19-23 Dec 16-20 Jan 23-27 Jan 30 Jan-3 Feb 6-10 Feb 13-17 FebMGT3907 Course Outline – Page 9 of 11 MGT3907 Presentation Quality S urvey My ID: Presenter Group Number: Sec: Title of Presentation: Scale E x c e Item ll e n t 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2. 4. 2. 4. 6. 8. 2. 4. 2. 4. 2. 4. 2. 4. Opening/closing Speaking skills Opening/closing Speaking skills Opening/closing Speaking skills Opening/closing Speaking skills Opening/closing Speaking skills Opening/closing Speaking skills Opening/closing Speaking skills Scale E x c e l l e n t 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5Group: Date: For each item, circle the number to the right to evaluate its quality according to the criteria below. Student IDs Item P o Good o r P o Good o r ID: Comment: ID: Comment: ID: 1. 3. 1. 3. 5. 7. 1. 3. 1. 3. 1. 3. 1. 3. Visuals Interest Visuals Interest Visuals Interest Visuals Interest Visuals Interest Visuals Interest Visuals Interest 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Comment: ID: Comment: ID: Comment: ID: Comment: ID: Comment: Criteria 1. Visuals – Quality of photos, tables, charts, clip art, video, Powerpoint backgrounds, animations, colors, design. 2. Opening/closing – attempted to interest audience; communicated purpose of presentation; gave a meaningful or interesting conclusion that showed analysis, recommendation, or suggestion for future. 3.Interest – made presentation interesting in whatever way. 4. Speaking skills – Used smiling, gestures, eye contact; seemed confident; did not read but only sometimes referred to notes or Powerpoint; voice was clear and loud enough; did not often look away from audience; did not hold onto unnecessary paper, pen, or other prop for security; dressed appropriately; did not fidget with hands and feet or otherwise distract audience from message of presentation. MGT3907 Course Outline – Page 10 of 11

Free Essays on Advertisement

Advertising is a collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific commodities or services. Advertising is a form of mass selling employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities intended to persuade the public, such as propaganda, publicity, and public relations. Advertising techniques range in complexity from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use of newspapers, magazines, television, radio and modern Advertising Advertising falls into two main categories: consumer advertising, directed to the ultimate purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the appeal is made to dealers through trade journals and other media. Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, but important, form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed solely to build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns like advertisements of TATAS, SAIL etc. Each year millions of rupees are spent on institutional advertising, which usually mentions products or services for sale only incidentally. Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperative advertising, in which the manufacturer shares the expense of local radio or newspaper advertising with the retailer who signs the advertisement. National advertisers occasionally share the same space in magazine advertising. Advertising may be local, national, or international in scope. The rates charged for the three different levels of advertising vary sharply, particularly in newspapers; varying rates are set also by newspapers for amusement, legal, political, financial, religious, and charitable advertisements.... Free Essays on Advertisement Free Essays on Advertisement Bare Bodies Victoria’s Secret is an easily recognized brand. I chose to write on a Victoria’s Secret ad featuring their new line called, â€Å"Body Bare†. The ad shows a delicate, skinny, model, with her back slightly arched, gazing into the distance. Her shiny, bronze skin greatens her sensuality and specialized prowess. The dim lighting implies mystery and seduction. This ad exudes an image of pampering and sexiness. It doesn’t depict comfort, but a glamorous model in seductive attire. Lingerie advertisements are designed for women ages 15-30, who are the most likely to wear what is advertised. These are the people who read the fashion magazines in which Victoria’s Secret ads appear. Advertisers are trying to reach the group that is most image conscious. The people behind this ad and others like it have failed to grasp the female audience. This is ironic considering the fact that women are the ones that wear lingerie. Men are the target audience of ads such as this. Lingerie ads picture attractive, barley clothed women. Victoria’s Secret catalogs, runway shows, and magazine ads are all pointedly geared towards men. They specifically target men over 35. At 35 years old, most men are either married or in serious relationships. They spend money on Victoria’s Secret products for the woman in their lives. Advertisements were aired during the Super Bowl. Victoria’s Secret models were even featured in Sports Illustrated. Women are not affected by lingerie ads the way men are. In the Body Bare advertisement, the model’s matching underwear set go perfectly with her unreal eye color. The shadowing creates a slimming effect and this strikes on the nerves of female consumers. Advertisements like these embody the â€Å"perfect† woman, primarily thin, but also almost exclusively white, young, and affluent. Advertisers are not using real women to model their products. This is sending a message to average women that they are... Free Essays on Advertisement â€Å"Look† Magazine November 27th, 1956 The 1950’s was a decade that reconstructed the American dream and cleaned up after the 40’s. Things were structured and strict, and the importance of knowing the difference between right and wrong were common values that were practiced at home. Men were usually the ones that made the money to support the family, and women primarily stayed at home to take care of the family and the home. Society was very different from now, and so was the media. Look magazine, the magazine that I got my advertisement from, was started in the 1950’s and portrayed and advertised many ideals that American families valued. This particular advertisement is for the new Zippo SLIM-LIGHTER and was in black and white. I was at first somewhat surprised that this advertisement had both men and women seemingly as equal and balanced. As you can see, the man is lighting the woman’s cigarette and she is lighting his for him. However, her eyes are closed and his are open. The way I interpreted this gesture is that men look at women for their sexuality and beauty. It is important for the man to be looking at the woman because she symbolizes beauty, purity and innocence. Men relied on women to be naà ¯ve and preciously childlike during these times. Just like the television shows and commercials of the 1950’s, this advertisement reflects the basic message that women are inferior to men. This magazine came out in the peak of the baby boom, when reproducing and creating a family were the most prominent ideals in American culture. On the other hand, the woman has her eyes closed. I interpreted this as the woman is inferior to the man so she can not look at him. However, Elaine Tyler Ma y observes that during this year (1956) reports were suggesting that women were overpopulating as well as other â€Å"inferior† groups of people in society. Although there are reports and other sources that propose that women ... Free Essays on Advertisement There comes a time when we all must get away; weather it be from a stressful job or a frantic home. But the fact of the matter is that the reality of being able to pack all your things and leave on a week long vacation to the Bahamas is not going to happen. This is why in today’s society, there is a ever demanding need the sensation of escape. Because of this need to escape people have turned to several different ways that their need could be filled. One way of escape that is found is our society today is the role that media plays in advertisement. When someone turns on a television in today’s society several types of advertisement is used in order to get people to believe that they need something that they do not. The need for escape is ever changing, and because of this our societies need will never be filled because of human nature that demands more and more until nothing is left to give. There are three main sources that advertisement is found in today’s society. The first and most common is the advertisement that is found on television. One example of this is the Buick LaCrosse commercial, this is where a attractive young women is swept away by the car of her dreams, while she is day dreaming in her shower. This is a perfect example of the need to escape, that illustrates even how something simple as a car can be used as an item of escape. This is one of the many advertisements that us the need of escape to get their product out on the market so. This is not the only way that companies push their material, but because of the demands on vacations, weekend getaways, or a simple evening out on the town. Human sight is the easiest way for companies to endorse their product. It does not take much for the human mind to captured, most of the time is just takes a shinny object or an attractive man or women.... Free Essays on Advertisement Advertising is a collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific commodities or services. Advertising is a form of mass selling employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities intended to persuade the public, such as propaganda, publicity, and public relations. Advertising techniques range in complexity from the publishing of simple, straightforward notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use of newspapers, magazines, television, radio and modern Advertising Advertising falls into two main categories: consumer advertising, directed to the ultimate purchaser, and trade advertising, in which the appeal is made to dealers through trade journals and other media. Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specialized types of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, but important, form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed solely to build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns like advertisements of TATAS, SAIL etc. Each year millions of rupees are spent on institutional advertising, which usually mentions products or services for sale only incidentally. Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising is cooperative advertising, in which the manufacturer shares the expense of local radio or newspaper advertising with the retailer who signs the advertisement. National advertisers occasionally share the same space in magazine advertising. Advertising may be local, national, or international in scope. The rates charged for the three different levels of advertising vary sharply, particularly in newspapers; varying rates are set also by newspapers for amusement, legal, political, financial, religious, and charitable advertisements....

Publish Your Short Story and Poetry Submissions HERE

Publish Your Short Story and Poetry Submissions HERE Top Places Accepting Short Story and Poetry Submissions in 2019 When it comes to becoming a successful author, sending short story submissions or poetry submissions to open publications is the equivalent of learning to walk before you run. It gives you experience appealing to editors, helps you build your writer’s resume, allows you to reach an audience - and, notably, gives you the opportunity to get paid for your writing. In other words, it can be an incredibly useful and accessible stepping stone for launching your writing career.The following is a list of our favorite publications currently accepting short story and poetry submissions in 2019.Poetry SubmissionsResources to help you nail your short story and poetry submissionsWhile these publications are some of our favorites, there are hundreds of other places you can submit your writing. Search for them here:The Best Writing Contests of 2019The Best Literary Magazines of 2019Or maybe you’re still working on your writing, and are not quite sure if it’s ready to send out to the world yet. If that’s the case, here are a few resources to help:Browse through hundreds of editors who work on poetry and short fictionFinally, maybe you’re still at step one: you haven’t started writing yet and are waiting for inspiration to strike. Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered there as well:200+ Short Story Ideas100 + Creative Writing Exercises500+ Creative Writing PromptsWhat are some of the challenges or success you’ve experienced while sending out poetry and short submissions? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!

M8A1 Corporate Social Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Philosophy final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy final exam - Essay Example In addition to this argument, Socrates also argues that a better person cannot be harmed by a worse one. This argument is presented in response to claims against him that he has corrupted the Athenian youth. Similar to the earlier argument this can be extended to a broader context, so that if one person is truly considered better in terms of moral or intellectual qualities, then it is possible for another individual to corrupt them. A third argument Socrates advances is that a man should do what is right and not consider living and dying. In these regards, Socrates is referring to the nature of morality and correct action. For Socrates, the individual should follow a path that considers the nature of life for not selfish reasons, but for what is best in terms of their own existence. Through Plato, Socrates made a number of great contributions to philosophy. Among the important contributions include the argument of the theory of forms, which contended that objects within the world have an eternal metaphysical form. For instance, three different types of clouds are all part of the eternal form of cloud. In the Apology, perhaps his greatest contribution to philosophy is his contention that the unexamined life is not worth living. My personal feeling on Socrates is a general approval of his approach to life. Still, I recognize that many of his philosophical ideals, including the theory of forms, are out-dated and do not stand up to contemporary examination. William Paleys approach to religion is greatly influenced by movements in natural theology. In these regards, Paley believed that Gods design for the universe and the physical world can be identified in the happiness in the order of things. His approach to natural theology can be identified in texts such as aptly named Natural Theology where he outlines this philosophical stance (â€Å"Victorian

Leaders in my field of education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leaders in my field of education - Coursework Example For example, he personally taught all students how to plant trees, importance of planting trees, and how to take care of them. Then he gave all students a task of planting one tree each. Ever since, many students have made it their habit to regularly plant trees. â€Å"[L]eaders need to understand the phenomenon of leadership and learn effective ways of dealing with the chaos that surrounds them – to move forward, to achieve, to make progress – within and outside of their organizations† (Watt, 2009, p. 51); our middle school principal surely fits this definition. Time when leadership can be expressed more powerfully is the time of transition or crisis because these are the times when leadership is mostly absence and thus produces devastating results for an organization (Vogelsang, 2008, p. 3). Our middle school principal remained at the forefront and held himself responsible when our school’s team lost in the match with other schools. Indeed, he took some measures to coach our team better and now our team is performing much

Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNA

Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNA Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to clone a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid, and then to transform cells with the plasmids. Purified pUC18 and pKan plasmid samples were obtained. A 0.7 % agarose gel was prepared, and the wells loaded with the plasmid samples. Restriction endonucleases were used to cut a kanamycin resistance gene from a pKan plasmid. DNA ligases were used to ligate the kanamycin resistance gene on to the multiple cloning site of the pUC18 plasmid. Escherichia coli (strain DH5ÃŽÂ ±) were then transformed with plasmids. The presence of the kanamycin resistance gene in the pUC18 was determined using the indirect (pUC18 selection) and direct selection methods. The results from the gel image were inadequate. Zero colony counts were recorded on the kanamycin plates for the indirect selection method. Zero colony counts were recorded on the kanamycin/ carbenicillin plate for the direct selection method. In Conclusion it can be said that although the kana mycin gene should have been inserted into the pUC18 plasmid, the results from both selection methods indicate that it wasnt. Introduction: DNA cloning is a process in which a certain piece of DNA is replicated several times [1]. This process in essence involves isolating the gene or DNA fragment of interest, and transferring it to another molecular of DNA [1]. In order for the cloning process to begin, the DNA of interest has to be cut at precise locations [1]. Specific endonucleases are used for this process. After which a small molecule of DNA is chosen, that has restriction sites that are complementary to the DNA of interest and is capable of self-replication [1]. These small molecules of DNA are called cloning vectors (phages, plasmids, Yeast Artificial Chromosomes, or Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes can be used) [1]. The two pieces of DNAs (the vector and DNA of interest) can be joined together by using a DNA ligase [1]. The newly formed composite DNA molecule is called a recombinant DNA [1]. The recombinant DNA can then be introduced into a host cell by a process of transformation [1]. Once transformed multiple c opies of the host cell can be produced, and in doing so multiple copies of the DNA are also produced [1]. Bacterial DNA can carry genes for antibiotic resistance [2]. The antibiotic resistance gene can either be on the chromosomes or on other external chromosomal pieces of DNA (e.g. plasmids) [2]. The pUC18 is a cloning vector plasmid that contains an ampicillin resistance gene [2]. On the other hand the pKan plasmid contains a kanamycin resistance gene [2]. The pUC18 plasmids are extremely useful for transformation with an Escherichia coli host cell [2]. The pUC18 plasmid consist of an origin of DNA replication, pBR322 derived ampicillin resistance gene, and a lacZ gene of E.coli [2]. The lacZ gene is part of something called the lac operon [1]. The lac operon in essence consists of the lacZ, lacY, and lacA genes [1]. The combination of the three genes allows the cell to utilize lactose [1]. When sufficient quantity of lactose is available, the cell is able to utilize the lactose by producing the enzyme beta-galactosidase [2]. pUC18s lacZ gene contains a collection of different restrict ion enzyme recognitions sites [2]. This site within the lacZ gene is called a Multiple Cloning Site (MCS). The MCS of the pUC18 plasmids can be recognized by a number of different enzymes; hence cuts can be made at various different places [2]. In gene cloning experiments, X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl,-D-galactoside) is used to indicate the presence of the lacZ gene, and hence indicates whether or not a cell is producing the enzyme beta-galactosidase [2][3]. This indication is given by a blue coloration of the colonies growing on a medium containing X-gal [2]. Beta-galactosidase cleaves X-gal into D-galactoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole [3]. The actual presence of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole is what causes the colonies to true blue [3]. The pKan plasmid contains the kanamycin resistance gene. In this experiment the kanamycin resistance of the pKan plasmid will be cloned into the MCS of the pUC18 plasmid [2]. This new recombinant DNA will then be transformed into an E.coli strain DH5ÃŽÂ ± host cell [2]. A brief overview of the isolation, cloning and transformation processes are given above [2]. This process in the end will yield an E. coli strain that is resistance to both ampicillin and kanamycin [2]. As mentioned earlier, the multiple cloning sites (MCS) of the pUC18 plasmid is located with its lacZ gene [2]. This means that when the kanamycin resistance gene is inserted into the multiple cloning sites, the lacZ gene is disturbed [2]. This alters the production of beta-galactosidase [2]. Hence the E.coli cells are not able to utilize X-gal on a growth media, producing white colonies instead of blue [2]. The presence of white colonies can be used as an indication for insertion of the kanamycin gene in pUC18 plasm id [2]. A kanamycin/ampicillin selective media can also be used to make sure that the pUC18 plasmid has the kanamycin gene inserted into it [2]. In summary the main objectives of this experiment is to clone a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid, and then to transforms a cell with the plasmids. The hypothesis is that a kanamycin resistance gene will be inserted onto the MCS of the pUC18 plasmid, and as a result the cells will be resistant to both antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The following materials and methods are taken from: Hausner, M., Jong, M. (2010). Experiments in Biotechnology (BLG888 ed.). Toronto: Ryerson University. Pg 7-19 Materials: Bacterial plasmids, restriction enzymes, solutions and media used: Overnight cultures of DH5ÃŽÂ ±/ pUC18 and MM294/pKan (5x10mL) were used. DNA solution kit that was used consist of solution 1 (glucose/Tris/EDTA to which lysozymes were added), solution 2 (SDS/NaOH), and solution 3 (KOAc). Enzymes RNAase (5mg/ml) and DNA ligase were used. Isopropanol and ethanol were used. TE buffer used contained 10Mm TRIS and 0.1 mM EDTA. Tris borate buffer that was used contained (TBE)(1X)10.8g Tris, 5.5g Boric acid, 10 mM EDTA, and up to 1000 ml distilled water. DNA loading dye and Ethidium bromide solution were used. The plasmids pUC18 and pKan were used. The restriction enzymes that were used were BamHI (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H.) and HinDIII (isolated from Haemophilus influenza). 5M ammonium acetate was used. Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl was used. 50mM EDTA was used. 5 x ligation and restriction buffers were used. TE buffer that was used contained 10Mm Tris, 0.1 Mm EDTA. Cell culture of E. coli strain DH5ÃŽÂ ± was used. 50 ml of LB broth and 3 sterile saline tubes. 2 LB plates, 8 LB + carbenicillin (carb), and 3 LB + carbenicillin (carb) + kanamycin (kan) plates were used. X-gal solution was used. 1 plate of LB+ kanamycin (kan). Methods: Preparation of the plasmid DNA: pUC18 and pKan plasmid were prepared over a period of three days (three weeks). Two centrifuge tubes with the culture sample were centrifuged for 10 minutes and supernatant discarded. 100Â µl of solution 1 was added followed by 10Â µl of RNase. After 20 minutes solution 2 was added. Five minutes later ice cold solution 3 was added, which was centrifuged 10 minutes later for 10 minutes. 400Â µl of the supernatant was extracted to a clean tube, to which 400Â µl of isopropanol was then added and was left for 30 minutes at -20oC. The DNA sample was then centrifuged and the pellet speed vac. The dry pellet was re-suspended in 20Â µl of TE buffer. A gel was prepared with accordance to steps in the lab manual. The DNA samples were then loaded on to the wells and the electrophoresis apparatus ran. The gel images were taken to see presence of the pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Endonuclease restriction digestion of the plasmids and ligation of the kanamycin fragment to pUC18: Two centrifuge tubes were prepared from 10Â µl of pUC18 and 10Â µl of pKan plasmids. To each tube restriction buffers, restriction enzymes and sterile water were added (refer to the lab manual for details). The prepared tubes were centrifuged and left in a water bath. 5Â µl of EDTA was added to each tube. 100Â µl of TE buffer and Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl were added. The tubes were then pulse centrifuged and top layer remove and transferred to new tubes (A1 and B1). 100Â µl of Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl was added, top layer removed and transferred to new tubes again (A2 and B2). Ammonium acetate and ethanol were added to tubes A2 and B2. The tubes were centrifuged, supernatant discarded, pellet speed vacuumed, and finally re-suspended in TE buffer. Tube C and D were prepared with accordance to the lab manual. The new tubes were then centrifuged and incubated. Transformation of an ampicillin sensitive E.coli Strain: The first five steps to prepare the cell culture of DH5ÃŽÂ ± for transformation were done by the lab staff. Details on the steps can be found in the lab manual. Four centrifuge tubes were prepared. Tube 1 contained uncut DNA plasmids, tube 2 contained DNA sample from tube C, tube 3 contained DNA sample from tube D, and tube 4 contained sterile water. The pre-prepared cells were then added to the tubes and heat shocked. LB broth was added to each tube and incubated for 20 minutes. X gal was spread evenly on the 8 LB+ carb plates. 100Â µl from tubes 1, 2, and 4 were spread on 3 of the LB+carb+X-gal plates. 100Â µl from tube three was then plated on the remaining five LB+carb+X-gal plates. Tube 3 was also plated on to 3 LB+carb+kan plate. A dilution series (using 0.1Â µl from the previous) was prepared from tube 3 using 3 sterile saline tubes. 10 Â µl from dilution 2 and 100 Â µl from dilution 3 were spread plated onto 2 LB plates. Colonies from each plate were counted. Blue and white colonies from tube 3 plates were then streaked on to a LB+Kan plate. Results from the LB+Kan plates were then recorded. Additional details can be found in the lab manual: Hausner, M., Jong, M. (2010). Experiments in Biotechnology (BLG888 ed.). Toronto: Ryerson University Results: Figure 1: 0.7 % agarose gel digest showing the presence of the pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Lane 3 and 2 were used by Abbas and Jamie. The figure above shows the 0.7% agarose gel image showing the presence of pUC18 and pKan plasmids. If banes appeared in the respective lanes, the plasmid samples would be used in the next part of the experiment. The image above shows bands appearing for lane 3 (pKan), but none for lane 2 (pUC18). This indicates the presence of the pKan plasmid but absences of the pUC18 plasmid. Hence due to inadequate results, additional plasmid sample were prepared by the lab staff. In total results from all 14 plates were recorded. Indirect Method: Table 1: Results for colony counts for the indirect (pUC18) selection method on LB+ carb+ X-gal plates Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Tube 1 TMTC-Blue N/A Tube 2 5-Blue Tube 4 0 Tube 3 40 Blue/ 5 White 55 Blue/ 15 White 79 Blue/ 22 White 65 Blue/ 3 White 54 Blue/ 12 White The results for tube 1, 2, 3, and 4 plated on the 8 LB+ carb+ X-gal plates are shown above. Tube 1 contained an uncut plasmid which explained the high number of colonies for plate 1. Tube 2 contained a cut pUC18 plasmid, which can be explained by only 5 colonies. Tube 4 contained only sterile water; hence zero colonies appeared on the plates. Tube 3 was plated on 5 plates, showing an average of 59 blue colonies and 11 white colonies. Direct Method: No colonies were obtained from the three plates of LB + carb + kan plates. Competent Cell and Percentage Transformation Calculation: The dilution series was prepared from tube 3, as indicated in the materials and methods section. Dilution 2 had a 100 colonies and dilution 3 had 30 colonies. The CFU (colony forming unit) calculations and values are shown below. CFU = (# of colonies) x (dilution factor) / (volume plated) CFU for dilution 2 = 100 x 104/ 0.1 = 10000000 cells/ml CFU for dilution 3 cant be calculated because it doesnt fall between the 30-300 colony limit. Table 2: Percentage transformation of colonies using competent cells (CFU) Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Average Percentage Transformation For total colonies (%) (45) 0.0045 (70) 0.007 (101) 0.0101 (68) 0.0068 (66) 0.0066 (70) 0.0070 In order to calculate percentage transformation, calculations from CFU are need. Percentage transformation can be calculated using the total colonies (i.e.. plate 1: 40 blue+5 white =45 total). Percentage Transformation = (Transformed cells per ml /competent cells (CFU) )x 100% So for example for the average of 70 total colonies; =0.007% Discussion: As mentioned in the result section the agarose gel image was inadequate. Lane 2 and 3 in figure 1 represent the pUC18 and pKan plasmids respectively. Clear bands were seen for the pKan plasmid however this is not the case for the pUC18 plasmid. In order for the plasmids to show up, they had to be extracted from their respective E. coli strains(pUC18 (DH5ÃŽÂ ±) and pKan (MM294). The presence of bands on the pKan lane proves that there is actual extraction from the cells. The presence of multiple bands could indicate the presence of multiple size plasmids of pKan. The fact that no bands were seen for pUC18 could be as a consequence of inadequate extraction from the E. coli cells (DH5ÃŽÂ ±). Experimental procedural error could have resulted in this. Both strains of microbes would have been genetically engineered to only contain the plasmid of interest; hence the risk of contamination is reduced. The selection methods for the experiments were divided into indirect (pUC18 selection) and direct selection methods. As mentioned in the materials and method section, cells from tube 1 were streaked on to a plate. The cells were transformed with undigested pUC18 plasmids. The colonies were too many to count and were all blue. The high number of colonies could simply occur because of the stable natural of the undigested pUC18 plasmid. The undigested pUC18 plasmids contain an uninterrupted lacZ gene, capable of producing beta-galactosidase. Beta-galactosidase is hence able to utilize X-gal on the plates and produce the large number of blue colonies. Since the cells were carbenicillin resistance (due to the pUC18 plasmids), they were able to grow on the plates. Cells were transformed with digested pUC18 plasmids from tube 2. Cells from tube 2 formed too few colonies (only 5) when compared to tube 1 (TMTC). This is due to the unstable nature of the digested pUC18 plasmids. These plasmids were digested with HinDIII and BamHI, and it possible that not all of them had an opportunity to re-ligate properly. The restriction enzymes could have cut up the lacZ gene or the carbenicillin (ampicillin) gene making it difficult for the plasmid to come back to its original conformation and survive on the X-gal+carb plate. A large majority of the pUC18 could have been cut in to smaller fragments rendering then inactive. Tube 3 initially contained the digested pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Cells were then transformed with the content of this tube. Since the transformation process is not perfect, there is no way to know what plasmid the cell took up. Hence it can be assumed that cells were transformed with either only the pUC18 plasmids, the pUC18 plasmids with the kanamycin gene, pKan and Puc18 or in some case only the pKan plasmid. Five plates were spread plated with these cells and presence of blue and white colonies were noted. As the results indicate a mixture of both blue and white colonies were obtained with an average of about 59 blue colonies and 11 white colonies. Blue colonies would hypothe tically contain cells (plasmids) with an intact lacZ (producing beta-galactosidase) gene justifying the blue color. The white colonies would have there lacZ gene disturbed (not producing beta-galactosidase), because another piece of DNA would have been inserted into the MCS. However the production of white colonies doesnt dictate the insertion of the kanamycin gene into the pUC18 plasmids. It is highly possible that another gene or DNA fragments from the pKan plasmid got inserted in the pUC18 plasmids. Confirmation of this was performed by streaking white colonies onto a kanamycin plate. The fact that no colonies grew, indicated that the kanamycin gene was in fact not inserted. This proves that the results are false positive because white colonies appeared on the X gal plates, but didnt on the kanamycin plates. This means that the white colonies werent transformed with what we wanted. Finally it is noted that when tube 4 was streaked on to a plate, no growth occurred. This seems log ical as the cells in this tube were only transformed with sterile water, which means no plasmids were present. The cells would not have contained plasmids with the carbenicillin resistance gene, and hence did not survive on the carbenicillin plates. The direct method results were recorded from the LB + carb + kan plates. No growth was observed in any of the plate, which proved to be highly contradictory to our hypothesis. Presence of white colonies on the indirect method plates but none on the direct method plates was suprising. White colonies were assumed to have pUC18 plasmids with both kanamycin and carbenicillin resistance genes. Hence its inability to grow on the carb + kan plates was surprising because white colonies grew on the X-gal plates. However as mentioned earlier it could be possible that another fragment of DNA was inserted into MCS besides the kanamycin gene. The fact that white colonies also didnt appear when they were streaked on to a kanamycin plate, ties in with these results. Both direct and indirect methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Indirect method involves multiple steps and hence in many cases can be time consuming. More plates are involved in the indirect methods, making it difficult to keep track sometimes, also adding to cost. However the indirect method helps to indentify the false positive/false negative results. The indirect selection method helps to make a comparison between the cut and uncut pUC18 plasmids. Comparison of the colonies shows the effect of restriction enzymes of the activity of the pUC18 plasmids. Moreover the indirect method is much more selective. This is because it first shows which colonies have an insertion in the multiple cloning site through the blue/white screening method. Then the plating of these white colonies on to a kanamycin plate helps to confirm that it was a kanamycin resistance gene that was actually inserted (on the MCS). The direct method is very concise involving only one plate, which save b oth time and money. This selection method has no chance of giving false negative/false positive results. The direct selection method selects for cells that have been transformed with pUC18 plasmids, and have a kanamycin resistance gene in their MCS. Since the pUC18 plasmid already has an ampicillin resistance gene (carbenicillin in this case), the insertion of kanamycin resistance gene allows it to survive on a LB+carb+kan plate. A problem comes when the plasmids dont have the necessary gene inserted in their MCS. So in this case for example it could be possible that the plasmid doesnt contain the kanamycin gene so the kanamycin antibody kills it, even though the carbenicillin resistance gene is there. Another technicality comes when a cell transformed contains both pUC18 and pKan at the same time. Because this selection method only selects for cells that have both carbenicillin and kanamycin resistance, it is difficult to tell whether the cell selected has both plasmids (pUC18 and pKan) or only a pUC18 (with the kanamycin gene). Therefore although more time consuming the indirect method is more useful. Some of the experimental errors that occurred could have been due to improper spreading techniques. The process of cell transformation that was used was through heat shock. It could be possible to use other cell transformation technique such as electroporation. In Conclusion it can be said that although the kanamycin gene should have been inserted into the pUC18 plasmid, the results indicate that it wasnt.